Category Archives: REVIEW ARTICLE

Diagnostics of Fusarium wilt in banana: Current status and challenges

Posted on 22 January 2024 by

This review highlights challenges in the detection of Fusarium wilt TR4 in banana through a critical assessment of published diagnostic methods and their validation in light of existing genetic diversity in pathogen populations.

Abstract

Global banana production is under threat from the rapidly spreading pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) tropical race 4 (TR4), which is pathogenic to Cavendish and many other varieties. Due to the absence of effective control methods and the lack of other market-acceptable resistant cultivars, early diagnostics, containment and quarantine measures are important to limit further spread and impact of this pathogen. Early detection and identification of the pathogen require reliable diagnostic assays. The reliability of a molecular diagnostic assay is directly linked to the rigour applied at validating the assay according to predetermined standards. For specific detection of a target pathogen using molecular diagnostics, a well-resolved taxonomy of the target and related species based on their evolutionary relationships is also required. The advent of sequence-based phylogenetic analysis has given rise to new insights regarding the taxonomic classification of Foc and provided proof for the polyphyletic origin of Foc races, complicating early and reliable detection of the pathogen. Although numerous diagnostic methods for Foc have been developed, choosing a rigorously validated and fit-for-purpose method for adoption is currently challenging as advantages and drawbacks for each assay are not always obvious or put into context with prior methodologies. This review compiles and critically dissects published methods that are reported to detect Foc to date and highlights their benefits and constraints to provide a valuable reference for diagnosticians, researchers and policy makers worldwide.

Unveiling mechanisms for induced systemic resistance, resistance breeding and molecular marker‐assisted breeding against Phomopsis blight of Solanum melongena

Posted on 18 January 2024 by

This paper reviews resistance in eggplant (brinjal) cultivars against Phomopsis vexans via heterosis breeding, induced resistance, grafting and marker-assisted techniques.

Abstract

Phomopsis vexans is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens associated with eggplant and currently poses a significant threat to eggplant production worldwide. The detrimental impact of P. vexans on eggplant yield has been extensively explored by various mycologists who have conducted thorough studies on the diversity, pathology and biological aspects of the pathogen. However, achieving enduring resistance or effective management has proven to be a challenge thus far. PCR-based detection and molecular association of Phomopsis resistance use molecular markers to examine the potential for heterosis in various crosses, aiming for premium hybrids with genetic resistance and high-yielding capabilities. The latest genome sequencing methods and availability of a wider range of genetic diversity has enabled the breeding of resistant varieties of eggplant. This review provides a detailed description on P. vexans including its epidemiology, dispersal methods, symptomology, colony characteristics, taxonomy and evolution of its strains. Different resistance breeding techniques including heterosis breeding, host plant resistance, identification of resistant sources, inheritance pattern for Phomopsis resistance, importance of grafting to impart resistance, significance of induced resistance, PCR-based detection and molecular association of Phomopsis resistance are explained. Future approaches include molecular marker techniques such as genome-wide association studies, sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCAR), role of biotic inducers, pathogenesis-related proteins and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against Phomopsis blight of eggplant.

Status of yam (Dioscorea spp.) in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Posted on 3 October 2023 by

Abstract

Yam is an important tuber crop with enormous potential to enhance rural sustenance and livelihood in DRC. However, studies to enhance its genetic improvement are very far from sufficient with only a handful of information available on the crop. Yam has been treated as an orphan crop compared to contemporary crops such as cassava and sweet potato which have adapted to different cropping systems and become widespread in production. The lack of research attention to address the major production challenges has further decreased the value and potential of the crop compared to its contemporaries. These production constraints include lack of adequate quality planting materials, low yield potential, poor resistance/tolerance to yam mosaic and anthracnose diseases and ultimately poor tuber quality attributes focusing on tuber taste, flesh oxidation and dry matter contents of the majority of the farmers preferred varieties. In this review, we evaluated the status of yam in DRC and presented the needful activities to be incorporated for its improvement. Diversity has however been maintained mainly through ennoblement efforts in house gardens and small farmlands using traditional farming methods. Studies from other nations where yam has been successful with prominence in characterization and genetic improvement brought to light the need for DRC to consider yam as a staple carbohydrate food source, even to the extent of modifications in food public policy. Reversal of the yam's current stigma is a challenge to the scientific community and the population in general.

Genomic selection and enablers for agronomic traits in maize (Zea mays): A review

Posted on 3 October 2023 by nRodreck Gunundu, nHussein Shimelis, nJacob Mashilon

Abstract

Maize is a commodity crop providing millions of people with food, feed, industrial raw material and economic opportunities. However, maize yields in Africa are relatively stagnant and low, at a mean of 1.7 t ha⁻¹ compared with the global average of 6 t ha⁻¹. The yield gap can be narrowed with accelerated and precision breeding strategies that are required to develop and deploy high-yielding and climate-resilient maize varieties. Genomic and phenotypic selections are complementary methods that offer opportunities for the speedy choice of contrasting parents and derived progenies for hybrid breeding and commercialization. Genomic selection (GS) will shorten the crop breeding cycle by identifying and tracking desirable genotypes and aid the timeous commercialization of market-preferred varieties. The technology, however, has not yet been fully embraced by most public and private breeding programmes, notably in Africa. This review aims to present the importance, current status, challenges and opportunities of GS to accelerate genetic gains for economic traits to speed up the breeding of high-yielding maize varieties. The first section summarizes genomic selection and the contemporary phenotypic selection and phenotyping platforms as a foundation for GS and trait integration in maize. This is followed by highlights on the reported genetic gains and progress through phenotypic selection and GS for grain yield and yield components. Training population development, genetic design and statistical models used in GS in maize breeding are discussed. Lastly, the review summarizes the challenges of GS, including prediction accuracy, and integrates GS with speed breeding, doubled haploid breeding and genome editing technologies to increase breeding efficiency and accelerate cultivar release. The paper will guide breeders in selection and trait introgression using GS to develop cultivars preferred by the marketplace.

Therapeutic potential of phytochemicals for cystic fibrosis

Posted on 3 October 2023 by nHamed Baharara, nPrashant Kesharwani, nThomas P. Johnston, nAmirHossein Sahebkarn

The aim of this review was to review and discuss various phytochemicals that exhibit beneficial effects on mutated membrane channels, and hence, improve transmembrane conductance. Four databases were searched using keywords. In conclusion, while curcumin, genistein, and resveratrol have demonstrated effectiveness in this regard, it should be emphasized that coumarins, quercetin, and other herbal medicines also have beneficial effects on transporter function, transmembrane conductivity, and overall channel activity.

Abstract

The aim of this review was to review and discuss various phytochemicals that exhibit beneficial effects on mutated membrane channels, and hence, improve transmembrane conductance. These therapeutic phytochemicals may have the potential to decrease mortality and morbidity of CF patients. Four databases were searched using keywords. Relevant studies were identified, and related articles were separated. Google Scholar, as well as gray literature (i.e., information that is not produced by commercial publishers), were also checked for related articles to locate/identify additional studies. The relevant databases were searched a second time to ensure that recent studies were included. In conclusion, while curcumin, genistein, and resveratrol have demonstrated effectiveness in this regard, it should be emphasized that coumarins, quercetin, and other herbal medicines also have beneficial effects on transporter function, transmembrane conductivity, and overall channel activity. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies should be conducted on mutant CFTR to unequivocally define the mechanism by which phytochemicals alter transmembrane channel function/activity, since the results of the studies evaluated in this review have a high degree of heterogenicity and discrepancy. Finally, continued research be undertaken to clearly define the mechanism(s) of action and the therapeutic effects that therapeutic phytochemicals have on the symptoms observed in CF patients in an effort to reduce mortality and morbidity.

Platelet‐activating factor as an endogenous cofactor of food anaphylaxis

Posted on 3 October 2023 by nKrzysztof Pałgan, nAndrzej Tretynn

PAF is an endogenous factor of food anaphylaxis.

Abstract

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening generalized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis is increasing worldwide, with medications and food contributing to most cases. Physical exercise, acute infections, drugs, alcohol, and menstruation are the external cofactors associated with more severe systemic reaction. The aim of this review is to show that platelet-activating factor contributes to the development of severe anaphylactic reaction, and even to anaphylactic shock.

The role of LncRNA‐regulated autophagy in AKI

Posted on 3 October 2023 by nPeihan Wang, nWu Chen, nSheng Zhao, nFan Chengn

The relationship between lncRNA, autophagy, and AKI. The role of lncRNA-regulated autophagy in AKI.

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex clinical syndrome involving a series of pathophysiological processes regulated by multiple pathways at the molecular and cellular level. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the regulation of epigenetics, and their regulation of autophagy-related genes in AKI has attracted increasing attention. However, the role of lncRNA-regulated autophagy in AKI has not been fully elucidated. Evidence indicated that lncRNAs play regulatory roles in most factors that induce AKI. LncRNAs can regulate autophagy in AKI via a complex network of regulatory pathways to affect the development and prognosis of AKI. This article reviewed and analyzed the pathways of lncRNA regulation of autophagy in AKI in recent years. The results provide new ideas for further study of the pathophysiological process and targeted therapy for AKI.

Potential breeding target genes for enhancing agronomic drought resistance: A yield‐survival balance perspective

Posted on 20 September 2023 by nYuhan Liu, nKang Ning, nShuting Chen, nMenachem Moshelion, nPei Xun

Abstract

Amidst global climate warming, the urgency to enhance crop drought resistance has reached unprecedented levels. However, the achievement of superior drought-resistant crop varieties, despite substantial research investments, remains constrained. This limited success in transitioning from the laboratory to the field can be partly attributed to the disparity between evaluating biological and agronomic drought resistance (ADR). ADR places emphasis on minimizing yield losses during drought conditions and maintaining robust performance under normal circumstances. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of ADR genes reported during the past decades, categorized based on their yield performance under both drought and standard growth conditions. We highlight 23 genes from grain and legume crops, providing insight into their working mechanisms. Particularly, we delve into their efficacy in improving yields predominantly through transgenic approaches in field conditions. Furthermore, we briefly touch upon the adoption of emerging phenomics technologies, which can streamline the discovery and application of ADR genes. This review is poised to serve the breeding community, aiding in the selection of appropriate target genes to augment crop drought resistance.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring piceatannol in non‐communicable diseases

Posted on 13 September 2023 by

The natural stilbene Piceatannol is having a promising therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of complex human diseases like asthma, cancer, diabetes, and so forth.

Abstract

Piceatannol is a naturally occurring hydroxylated resveratrol analogue that can be found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. It has been documented to have a wide range of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-allergic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and chemopreventive properties. Piceatannol has significantly higher antioxidant activity than resveratrol. Piceatannol has been shown in preclinical studies to have the ability to inhibit or reduce the growth of cancers in various organs such as the brain, breast, lung, colon, cervical, liver, prostate, and skin. However, the bioavailability of Piceatannol is comparatively lower than resveratrol and other stilbenes. Several approaches have been reported in recent years to enhance its bioavailability and biological activity, and clinical trials are required to validate these findings. This review focuses on several aspects of natural stilbene Piceatannol, its chemistry, and its mechanism of action, and its promising therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of complex human diseases.

A review on common root rot of wheat and barley in Australia

Posted on 11 September 2023 by nYiyi Xiong, nCheryl McCarthy, nJacob Humpal, nCassandra Percyn

This article comprehensively reviews common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) in Australia, covering the disease cycle, economic loss, management, traditional and emerging detection methods and research focus in the last 50 years.

Abstract

Common root rot (CRR) caused by the soilborne pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Identification of CRR is difficult and time-consuming for human assessors due to the non-distinctive above-ground symptoms, with browning of subcrown internodes and roots the most distinguishing symptom of infection. CRR disease has been recognized as a significant disease for cereal crops in many countries. In 2009, CRR in Australia was estimated to cause $30 million average annual yield loss for wheat and $13 million for barley. Recent evidence indicates CRR may be more prevalent than expected in Australian wheat cropping areas due to lack of research on this disease. Low levels of B. sorokiniana survive in the soil for up to 10 years and attack plants at early stages of growth. Therefore, mitigating CRR in wheat and barley may not be practical at the late stages of infection due to lack of effective methods; however, early detection might be viable to alleviate the impact of this disease. A comprehensive overview of CRR caused by B. sorokiniana, including disease background, worldwide economic losses, management methods, potential CRR detection using multispectral and hyperspectral sensors and the research focus over the past 50 years is provided in this article. This review paper is expected to provide thorough supplemental information for current studies about CRR and proposes recommendations for whole-of-field disease scouting methods to farmers, enabling reduced time and cost for CRR management and increasing wheat and barley production worldwide.