A porphyrin‐based porous organic polymer containing flexible chains for efficient heterogeneous photocatalysis

A porphyrin-based porous organic polymer containing flexible chains for efficient heterogeneous photocatalysis

A porphyrin-based porous organic polymer H2Pp-TAPM containing flexible chains has been synthesized successfully. The H2Pp-TAPM has demonstrated the ability to facilitate the transfer and separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and delivered superior activity in the selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides.


Porphyrin-based porous organic polymers (Por-POPs) are attracting increasing attention because of their potential in visible light photocatalysis. The distinctive attributes of Por-POPs have been elucidated by investigating their response to specific reactions, such as the aerobic oxidation of sulfides. However, most researchers choose porphyrin molecules with relatively short peripheral substituent chains and strong stiffness to construct porphyrin-based materials, especially Por-POPS. Herein, we designed and prepared a flexible POP material H2Pp-TAPM by incorporating extra π-conjugated rigid units TAPM into a relatively flexible porphyrin monomer H2Pp through imine linkages. The POP synthesized in this study has demonstrated the ability to facilitate the transfer and dissociation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, leading to the production of singlet oxygen 1O2 and superoxide radical anions O2˙. These anions act as effective mediators for the selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides, resulting in the conversion of 99% and the selectivity more than 99%. Furthermore, the H2Pp-TAPM has excellent stability and recyclability, indicating its attractiveness as heterogeneous photocatalyst for the transformation of organic compounds. This makes it a promising candidate for visible-light-driven reactions.

Novel dinuclear Ni (II) Schiff base complexes induced noncovalent exchanges: Crystal structure investigation, electrochemical assessment, Hirshfeld surface analysis and SARS‐CoV‐2 docking study

Novel dinuclear Ni (II) Schiff base complexes induced noncovalent exchanges: Crystal structure investigation, electrochemical assessment, Hirshfeld surface analysis and SARS-CoV-2 docking study


In this work, novel Ni (II) complexes, namely, [Ni2(L)2(OAc)2(EtOH)2] (1a), [Ni2(L)2(OAc)2(H2O)2] (1b-1) and [Ni2(L)2(OAc)2(EtOH)2] (1b-2) as co-crystal were synthesized by the 1:1 condensation (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/condensation) of Ni (CH3COO)2·4H2O and Schiff base ligand (H2L) (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 2-amino-2-methylpropanol). The ligand based on Schiff base and fabricated complexes (1a) and (1b-1 and 1b-2) were successfully identified by CHN assessment, FT-IR, UV–Vis spectra, melting point and CV voltammogram. The electrochemical behavior investigation shows that the nickel complexes exhibited irreversible oxidation processes in methanol solution. Additionally, the crystal structures of complexes (1a) and (1b) have been recognized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation. It turned out that the complexes (1b-1) and (1b-2) crystallize together, making a co-crystal 1b with an additional EtOH solvent molecule in the crystal structure. A detailed study of intermolecular exchanges was performed using attractive graphical analysis tools such as three-dimensional Hirshfeld surfaces analysis, two-dimensional fingerprint plots (FPs), and enrichment ratios (E), which make C-H … C, C-H … O hydrogen bond, C … O, H … H, and O … O short contacts on Hirshfeld surfaces with color code are observed. Moreover, an appraisement of the inhibitory trace against coronavirus (main protease SARS-CoV-2, PDB ID: 6Y2F) and molecular targets of human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) was performed by a molecular docking study in which two nickel complexes performed best for PDB protein ID: 6M0J and all three complexes for PDB protein ID: 6Y2F.

Cyclic Voltammetry as an Activation Method of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Improvement of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance

Cyclic Voltammetry as an Activation Method of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Improvement of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance

Photocatalysis: Cyclic voltammetry of TiO2 nanotube (TNT) arrays was used for activating photoelectrochemical water splitting performance. The highest photocurrent was obtained for Na2SO4-activated TNTs. EPR and luminescent analysis of defects shows that enhanced photoactivity correlates with higher luminescence quantum yield, lowest paramagnetic defect content and larger decay time of the luminescence.


Abstract

A facile and eco-friendly method for activating anodic TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) is proposed, and photoelectrochemical properties of CV-activated TNTs are compared with those of non-activated TNTs and of TNTs activated by hydrogen-thermal reduction. EPR and luminescence studies show that the pristine samples demonstrate rather large content of paramagnetic and luminescing defects, while hydrogenation and CV-activation lead to the different type of rearrangement of defects. TNTs activated by CV-Na2SO4 demonstrate significantly improved photocurrent density (2.25 mA cm−2) in comparison with that of the hydrogen treated and pristine ones (0.93 mA cm−2 and 0.31 mA cm−2) under NUV-irradiation at 0.2 V (RHE). Enhanced photoactivity of Na2SO4-activated TNTs correlates with higher luminescence quantum yield, lowest paramagnetic defects content and larger decay time of the luminescence. Thus, a decrease in the content of defects is an important factor that reduces the non-radiative recombination of charge carriers. The activation-induced redistribution of surface and bulk defects in nanotubes explains the increased photoelectrochemical activity of TiO2-based anodes. Cyclic voltammetry has been proved to be a reliable method to increase the efficiency of TNTs in PEC water splitting.

Crystal Structure and Photocatalytic Properties of the CsV0.625Te1.375O6 Mixed‐Valence β‐Pyrochlore Compound

Crystal Structure and Photocatalytic Properties of the CsV0.625Te1.375O6 Mixed-Valence β-Pyrochlore Compound

The complex mixed-valence tellurium and vanadium compound Cs(V3+ 0.0625V5+ 0.5625Te4+ 0.34375Te6+ 1.03125)O6 with a classical cubic β-pyrochlore structure has been prepared. As a result of features of its electron structure, the compound possesses photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation with an apparent quantum efficiency (QE) ϕx=3.63 ⋅ 10−6 molecules/photons for methylene blue degradation (MB). The investigation of MB oxidation products shows a rather deep decomposition to simple aromatic and non-aromatic compounds.


Abstract

A new β-pyrochlore compound with complex composition of Cs(V3+ 0.0625V5+ 0.5625Te4+ 0.34375Te6+ 1.03125)O6 has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The compound possesses the typical cubic symmetry with space group , however some of the oxygen atoms shift from the special position 48 f to the general crystallographic positions 32e, 96 g and 96 h. This shift is caused by complex B-site composition with mixed-valence vanadium and tellurium atoms, especially the presence of the large Te4+ ion. The locations of the valence band and conduction band edges were determined experimentally under vacuum conditions by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible and impedance spectroscopy and evaluated theoretically for water solutions. The photocatalytic ability of the compound under visible light irradiation was determined using the methylene blue decomposition process as an example. The nature of the active radical species and possible dye degradation pathway were suggested according to experimental data.

Reversible Photobleaching of Silver Clusters in Silica‐Based Glass under Ultraviolet Irradiation

Reversible Photobleaching of Silver Clusters in Silica-Based Glass under Ultraviolet Irradiation

Luminescent silver clusters in silica-based glass show photobleaching under CW UV irradiation. Degradation of cluster luminescence is reversible and restores after the heat treatment below glass transition temperature. The proposed mechanism of photobleaching is photoionization of silver clusters.


Abstract

Inorganic glasses doped with luminescent silver clusters are promising materials for photonic applications as white light generation, optical data storage, and spectral conversion. This work reports the photostability study of luminescent silver clusters dispersed in silica-based glass under continuous ultraviolet irradiation. The photobleaching process model is proposed and the quantum yield of photobleaching is derived from the experimental data. The proposed mechanism of photobleaching is photoionization of silver clusters. Degradation of cluster luminescence is reversible and restores after the heat treatment, indicating the possibility to release trapped electrons and return the initial charge state of clusters. The effect of heat treatment temperature on the luminescence restoration is studied, the amount of restored luminescent clusters depends linearly on the heat treatment temperature.

Construction of a Ce‐UiO‐66/MCo2O4 Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Cr(VI) Detoxification Through a p‐n Junction Formation Mechanism

Construction of a Ce-UiO-66/MCo2O4 Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Cr(VI) Detoxification Through a p-n Junction Formation Mechanism

Let's collaborate! MCo2O4 (M=Mn, Zn, Fe) was synthesized and combined with Ce-UiO-66 to create a heterojunction structure for use as a photocatalyst for chromium(VI) reduction. The resulting Ce-UiO-66/MCo2O4 heterojunctions exhibited high Cr(VI) reduction under visible light irradiation and maintained high photoreduction efficiency even after four cycling tests, demonstrating excellent photocatalytic stability.


Abstract

Heterojunction engineering in catalyst structures is a promising approach to solve some restrictions in photocatalyst design, such as a narrow photoabsorption range and rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. In this work, MCo2O4 (M=Mn, Zn, Fe) was synthesized using a template method. The porous MCo2O4 was composited by Ce-UiO-66 to form a heterojunction structure. The resultant material Ce-UiO-66/MCo2O4 had a hierarchically porous architecture and was used as a photocatalyst for Cr(VI) reduction. The coupling of Ce-UiO-66 and MCo2O4 resulted in a p-n junction mechanism for charge carrier transfer. The Ce-UiO-66/MCo2O4 heterojunctions exhibited high Cr(VI) reduction ability under visible light irradiation over 120 min. The highest Cr(VI) photoreduction rate of the heterojunction is 14 times that of Ce-UiO-66. The binary heterojunction maintains high photoreduction efficiency (100 %) of Cr(VI) after four cycling tests showing excellent photocatalytic stability.

Photoswitchable Rhodamine‐Based Multianalyte Sensors for Metal Ion Detection

Photoswitchable Rhodamine-Based Multianalyte Sensors for Metal Ion Detection

Three azobenzene-core-based molecular systems decorated with rhodamine units were designed and developed as photoswitchable multianalyte sensors. The systems were employed in the detection of multiple metal ions (Fe(III), Fe(II), Sn(II) and Al(III)).


Abstract

We have developed three azobenzene-core-based molecular systems decorated with different numbers of rhodamine units as photoswitchable multianalyte sensors. Exploiting the ring-opening of the spirolactam part of the rhodamine unit, the resulting fluorescence response, and modulation of it through the photoswitching of azobenzene by light, we utilized them in the detection of multiple metal ions (Fe3+, Fe2+, Sn2+ and Al3+). The binding sites, stoichiometry, binding constants, fluorescent lifetimes and limit of detection (LOD) for each probe have been deduced using appropriate spectroscopic techniques. The limit of detection (LOD) of 5 a, 5 b and 5 c for Fe3+ are found to be 4.2×10−7±7.8×10−9 M, 2.2×10−7±4.6×10−9 M and 1.2×10−7±4.6×10−9 M, respectively. The fluorescence response of the metal-chelated complex can be manipulated effectively by employing the photoswitching ability of azobenzene that makes them useful as chemosensors for various individual metal ions.

Non‐approximative Kinetics of Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation at Room Temperature: Solvent Effects on Delayed Fluorescence

Non-approximative Kinetics of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation at Room Temperature: Solvent Effects on Delayed Fluorescence

Herein we report on a non-approximative analysis of delayed fluorescence and study the triplet-triplet annihilation process of the PtOEP/9,10-DPA and PdOEP/9,10-DPA sensitizer/acceptor pairs in different solvents (THF, DMSO and toluene).


Abstract

The molecular processes taking place during triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) in solvents at room temperature are examined in detail. Special attention is paid to modelling of the nonlinear kinetic reactions. Using time- and spectrally resolved spectroscopy of DPA and Pt/Pd-OEP based sensitizer and annihilators, it is shown how the kinetic of parameters, such as the triplet energy transfer (TET) and TTA of the rate-reactions, can be simulated, measured and fitted, without approximations, using a numerical scheme. Studies of DPA in the solvents DMSO, THF and toluene at room temperature revealed that viscosity/diffusion together with the excited triplet lifetime of the annihilator are the most crucial parameters for high TTA induced delayed fluorescence. From an analysis of the experimentally determined rates an efficiency of 16–40 % was determined for the combined TET and TTA processes using THF, DMSO and toluene as solvents. (DPA=9,10-diphenylanthracene, OEP=2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphyrin)

Water‐Soluble Cationic Perylene Diimide Dyes as Stable Photocatalysts for H2O2 Evolution

Water-Soluble Cationic Perylene Diimide Dyes as Stable Photocatalysts for H2O2 Evolution

Water-soluble dyes based on perylene diimide molecules were employed as molecular catalysts for the light-induced conversion of dissolved oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Improved photocatalytic efficiency was achieved by using quaternary ammonium solubilizing units on the perylene diimide core and with selection of sacrificial electron donors.


Abstract

Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, has gained increasing attention in recent years, with applications ranging from solar energy conversion to biophysical research. While semiconducting solid-state materials are normally regarded as the workhorse for photogeneration of H2O2, an intriguing alternative for on-demand H2O2 is the use of photocatalytic organic dyes. Herein we report the use of water-soluble dyes based on perylene diimide molecules which behave as true molecular catalysts for the light-induced conversion of dissolved oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. In particular, we address how to obtain visible-light photocatalysts which are stable with respect to aggregation and photochemical degradation. We report on the factors affecting efficiency and stability, including variable electron donors, oxygen partial pressure, pH, and molecular catalyst structure. The result is a perylene diimide derivative with unprecedented peroxide evolution performance using a broad range of organic donor molecules and operating in a wide pH range.

Aggregation‐Induced Enhanced Emission of a Dimethylacridan Substituted Pyrimidine Derivative

Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission of a Dimethylacridan Substituted Pyrimidine Derivative

Steady state and time-resolved spectroscopy reveal the enhanced solvatochromism, aggregation induced enhanced emission and protonation controlled dual emission of a dimethyladrydan pyrimidine chromophore.


Abstract

A pyrimidine chromophore bearing an acridan fragment was synthesized and its photophysical properties were studied. In solution, this compound is characterized by an important positive emission solvatochromism with a shift of 5800 cm−1 between nonpolar heptane and dichloromethane (DCM) associated with large Stokes shifts (up to 9100 cm−1 in DCM). Mono-exponential fluorescence decays are observed in heptane whereas more complicated bi- or three-exponential decays are observed in more polar solvents due to an interplay between locally excited and charge transfer excited state. Additionally, an aggregation-induced enhanced emission process was demonstrated in THF/water mixtures. At low temperature (77 K), in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) thin film, the presence of an accessible triplet state (T1) was demonstrated, which was not observed in solution. Finally, we show that it is possible to protonate the chromophore in thin film leading to panchromatic dual emission