Low antibiotic utilization and inability to achieve real-time monitoring of pathological status and treatment processes often result in unsatisfactory performance against bacterial infection. Developing a targeting antibacterial nanoprobe combining imaging with stimulus-response antibiotic release is a promising strategy to precisely recognize lesions and enhance therapeutic efficacy for bacterial infection. In this work, we report a pH-responsive theragnostic nanoplatform for targeted imaging and local drug release at the bacterial infection site. The nanoplatform consists of the core-shell structure with persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) as the core for autofluorescence-free luminescence imaging and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as the shell (ZIF-8) to act as a carrier for antibiotics cefazolin. The core-shell nanostructure is further conjugated with folic acid to facilitate the uptake and accumulation of the nanoparticles, and realize the autofluorescence-free targeted imaging of the infection site. The acidic microenvironment at the bacterial infection site enables ZIF-8 to decompose for specific drug release improve the performance in bacterial infection treatment. The developed pH-responsive nanotheranostic probe is promising for autofluorescence-free targeted imaging and therapy of bacterial infection.