We developed a single-pot solvothermal synthetic approach to synthesizing Pd-Fe₃O₄@GO. It is a simple, effective, magnetically separable, eco-friendly, and recyclable catalyst. The synthesized catalyst Pd-Fe₃O₄@GO was thoroughly characterized using FTIR, XPS, XRD, SEM-EDS mapping, TEM, and ICP-MS. The synthesized catalyst was used in the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between substituted aryl halide and phenylacetylene to form carbon–carbon bonds.

In this study, we present a new approach to synthesizing a magnetically separable Pd-Fe₃O₄@GO catalyst using a simple single-pot method. The catalyst was employed in Sonogashira coupling reactions, demonstrating excellent results. The catalyst was studied using a various characterization method, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) mapping, TEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Pd-Fe₃O₄@GO exhibited superior catalytic activity compared with its conventional counterparts in phenylacetylene-iodobenzene coupling reactions under copper co-catalyzed-free and ligand-free conditions, with a higher turnover frequency (TOF) of 118.3 h⁻¹. Optimized conditions yielded high yields for various substrates, including inactive aryl chloride and bromide substrates, emphasizing its versatility. Also, a reaction mechanism was proposed and a kinetic model was developed. The catalyst's green chemistry potential was highlighted because of its high efficiency, purity of products, recoverability, and ease of preparation. Moreover, Pd-Fe₃O₄@GO demonstrated impressive stability through multiple recycling rounds without loss of functionality, making it a promising tool for sustainable chemical processes.