A comprehensive review of all available physical, physiochemical, thermochemical, and biochemical techniques is given that are effectively applied for the production of biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, bio-oil, biochar, biogas, and other valuable chemicals) from biomass. The concept of waste-to-wealth in biomass conversion is emphasized whereby low-value biomass is transformed into high-value products.

Abstract

The discovery of new energy sources plays a vital role to fulfil the needs of energy and depletion of fossil fuel sources. An inclusive review of all available technologies for the synthesis of biofuels from biomass is presented. Amongst the innovative biomass conversion technologies, thermochemical technology encompasses significant potential practices and is required for expansion. Universally, biofuels are gaining importance due to the depletion of non-renewable fuel sources in transport and industries by equivalent work proficiencies. The reaction mechanism thoroughly explores all aspects associated with reaction conditions, types of reactor, and products. Biomass thermochemical conversion technologies will be influential in producing sustainable biofuels.