A novel 2D bimetallic coordination polymer was obtained under solvothermal conditions. The compound contained cooperative Lewis base–acid sites and employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to promote one-pot deacetalization-Knoevenagel reaction of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and malononitrile.

Designing multifunctional catalysts for one-pot organic transformations is highly important due to economic and environmental point of views. Synthesis of bifunctional acid–base tandem catalysts has drawn attention owing to the incorporation of antagonistic active sites in a single catalyst. In the current work, a novel coordination polymer, [NaZn(btc)(H₂O)₃].1.5H₂O (1) (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid [H₃btc]), was prepared by solvothermal method. Single crystal analysis of 1 revealed that the structure is two dimensional and contains the coexisted Lewis acid–base sites. The material was further characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and temperature programed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD) and CO₂ (CO₂-TPD). Compound 1 was utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel reaction of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and malononitrile. It exhibited good activity and structural stability during the reaction.

Two new Cu(II) complexes are prepared and fully characterized. Complexes have a good thermal stability. Complex 4 could be used in the development of the new drugs for the treatment of oxidative stress-caused pathological disorders, whereas both complexes could be used in further investigations as potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of various types of cancer.

Two azo dye ligands, bearing different substituents (chlorine atom or methoxy group) in the para-position of the phenyl ring, were employed for the synthesis of two Cu(II) chelates. Full structural affirmation of complexes was assessed. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the coordination geometry for Cu atoms in both complexes is square-pyramidal with a ligand:metal ratio of 2:1 where dyes behave as monobasic bidentate ligands. Thermogravimetric analyses of the complexes and their starting dyes were performed to study their thermal stabilities and decomposition behavior confirming the thermal stability of both dyes and complexes. Antioxidative activity of the complexes has been assigned and compared with their parent ligands revealing that the presence of the electron–donor, methoxy group, in the phenyl ring, in both dye and complex, is responsible for the activity (IC₅₀ values of 1.54 for the dye and 1.30 mM for the complex). It should be stated that the complexation of the methoxy-substituted dye leads to enhanced antioxidative activity concurrent to a standard antioxidant molecule of ascorbic acid, making this molecule a promising antioxidant agent. Docking study with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and Aurora kinase A proteins indicate that complexes exhibit higher binding affinities to proteins than the starting ligand dyes. The most promising structure exhibiting the best docking potential toward both proteins is the complex-bearing methoxy group. The presented results represent a promising start for further investigations of these compounds as potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of various types of cancer.

A three-component reaction of styrenes, indoles, and diaryl diselenides catalyzed by copper chloride under irradiation of blue LED light is disclosed. This protocol provides 26 examples of β-(hetero)arylselenyl indoles in 60%–87% yields. The proposed mechanism involves the activation of diaryl diselenides by coordination with copper chloride, generation of arylselenium cations by heterolysis of activated diaryl diselenides, electrophilic addition of arylselenium cations to styrenes, and then Friedel–Crafts-type alkylation at the 3-position of NH-indoles.

A three-component reaction of olefins, indoles, and diaryl diselenides catalyzed by copper chloride under irradiation of blue LED light is disclosed. Various diaryl diselenides including diheteroaryl diselenides are suitable for this bifunctionalization of olefins. This protocol provides 26 examples of β-(hetero)arylselenyl indoles in 60%–87% yields. The proposed mechanism involves activation of diaryl diselenides by coordination with copper chloride, generation of arylselenium cations by heterolysis of activated diaryl diselenides, electrophilic addition of arylselenium cations to styrenes, and then Friedel–Crafts-type alkylation at the 3-position of NH-indoles.

Solid complexes (1–4) of Schiff base ((o-tolylimino)methyl)phenol (HL) with manganese(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) were synthesized in methanol under reflux. Schiff base (HL) was synthesized through condensation reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with o-toluidine. Ligand (HL) and synthesized complexes (1–4) were characterized by using different spectroscopic techniques (UV–visible, FTIR, ¹H NMR, mass spectrometry, powder X-ray diffractometer [XRD]), magnetic measurements, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that ligand being bidentate, in all the complexes, coordinates with metals through the N atom of azomethine group and O atom of the hydroxyl group. Molecular ion peaks (m/z) appear in the mass spectra of complexes confirm the proposed stoichiometry. TGA data of complexes 1 and 2 exhibited water molecules coordinated with the central metal ions (Mn²⁺ and Co²⁺). Magnetic Susceptibility analysis of metal complexes proposed octahedral geometry for Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes. Conductivity analysis was in good agreement with non-electrolyte nature of metal complexes. Global reactivity data exhibited that metal(II) complexes are soft as compared to HL. Moreover, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) findings revealed that among the metal complexes, [Mn(L)₂(H₂O)₂] 1 was having large energy gap showing greater stability and less reactivity, while [Ni(L)₂] 3 was found most reactive among all of them. Values of chemical reactivity descriptors obtained denoted that synthesized metal complexes can be proved as efficient biological candidates owing to their reactivity patterns. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of complexes and ligand were evaluated against different strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum, and Aspergillus flavus) via disc diffusion method. The bacterial and fungal growth more efficiently inhibited by the use of metal complexes (1–4) than ((o-tolylimino)methyl)phenol (HL).

A new hydrazone ligand (AlloxHQ) and its copper (II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. Mono-, bi- and tri-nuclear complexes are obtained. AlloxHQ and its complexes showed antitumor activity toward Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma and coordination with copper improved the antitumor activity. The biological activity was confirmed by molecular docking study.

Reaction of 1-(4-methylquinoline-2-yl)hydrazine with Alloxan yielded a new hydrazone ligand (AlloxHQ). Binary copper (II) AlloxHQ complexes have been successfully prepared utilizing different copper (II) salts (chloride, bromide, sulfate, and acetate). Moreover, ternary complexes have been prepared by using secondary ligands; 1,10-phenanthroline and oxine. The structures of AlloxHQ and Cu (II)-AlloxHQ complexes have been investigated with the aid of elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, electronic, mass, and electron spin resonance spectra, thermal analysis in addition to measurements of molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. Mono-, bi-, and tri-nuclear complexes were obtained, reflecting that the coordinating manner of AlloxHQ is extremely influenced by both the nature of the counter anion and the pH of the medium. AlloxHQ acts as a tri-, bi-, or penta-dentate ligand with different modes of bonding. AlloxHQ and its copper (II) complexes exhibited antitumor activity towards Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma and coordination with copper improved the antitumor activity. The biological activity was confirmed by molecular docking study to investigate how the title compounds bind to the CDK-5 inhibitor-crystal structure of inhibitor EFP with CDK-2 (PDB ID: 3IG7).

The chemically stable green mixed synthesis of Co₃O₄.NiO.ZrO₂ nanoalloy has a spherical shape with an average particle size of 32 nm. This ferromagnetic nanoalloy with strong saturation magnetization (Ms) (12.42 emu/g) and low coercivity (Hc) (282.36 Oe) can be used in bio-fresh magnetic storage devices, ferrofluids technologies, and magnetically calorie refrigeration. Also, the nanoalloy shows exceptional antibacterial activity against the gram-positive and gram-negative high-pathogenic bacteria.

The tri-metallic magnetic nanoalloy synthesized via the eco-friendly procedure discussed here contains cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and zirconium (Zr) metals in a 3:1:1 M ratio (Co₃O₄.NiO.ZrO₂ nanoalloy). Two different plant extracts which are rich in biologically active compounds from Spermacoce hispida and Vernonia cinereum were combined to get a multispecies nanoalloy with magnetic properties and medicinal values. The Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and transmission and scanning electron microscopes analyses confirmed the spherical shape of the bioinspired Co₃O₄.NiO.ZrO₂ nanoalloy. The average size of our nanoalloy was 32 nm, but the individual nanoparticles are between 21 and 73 nm in size. A vibrating sample magnetometer study of the magnetic characteristics of the nanoalloy reveals strong saturation magnetization (12.42 emu/g), low retentivity (Mr), and low coercivity (Hc) (282.36 Oe). The higher saturation magnetization in nanoalloy is attributed to their larger particle size, a high degree of crystalline structure, and slight external spinning deformation. The low coercive field (Hc) value reveals the unique soft nature of our nanoalloy. The disc diffusion study confirms that a 6.3 μg/mL solution of the nanoalloy kills almost 96% of the harmful bacteria like Bacillus subtilis (29 mm), Bacillus cereus (26 mm), and Escherichia coli (21 mm). It shows a moderate effect of 85% killing factor against Staphylococcus albus (17 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 mm), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (15 mm) bacteria.

Here, Co-Cu/ZIF@HAp, a novel HAp-based nanocomposite, was synthesized. The prepared nanocomposite performed well as a photocatalyst in the degradation of organic pollutants. From the investigation, it was found that two common organic dyes, namely, Eosin Yellow (EY) and Brilliant Green (BG), were degraded up to 98.3% and 99.5%, respectively within 50 min by as-synthesized photocatalyst. Further, higher stability and reusability of the photocatalyst were ensured by recyclability test.

In this study, a novel hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based composite, Co-Cu/ZIF@HAp, was constructed through in situ growth and simultaneous sonication followed by magnetic string. Herein, the HAp-based nanocomposite was obtained in which HAp was coated with cobalt–copper bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) in one-pot synthesis method. The as-synthesized composite was characterized by PXRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, HR-TEM, TGA-DTG, XPS, BET, and UV-DRS techniques, which suggested that HAp was well coated with bimetallic ZIF. The prepared composite was utilized as a catalyst in degradation of organic pollutants. Removal of organic pollutants such as organic dyes has become indispensable due to their higher stability, toxicity, and mutagenic nature. Two commonly found organic dyes, namely, Eosin Yellow (EY) and Brilliant Green (BG), were chosen for the investigation of photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared catalyst. The degradation process was carried out under solar radiation, and there was no utilization of any oxidizing and reducing agent. Several parameters such as amount of catalyst dose, initial concentration of the dye solution, and effect of different pH conditions were evaluated for better understanding of photocatalytic performance of Co-Cu/ZIF@HAp composite. Both EY and BG dyes were almost degraded up to 98.3% and 99.5%, respectively, within 50 min by the as-prepared nanocomposite. Also, quenching test was performed that confirmed the formation of superoxide radicals (O₂ ^−.) as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the photodegradation process. The as-synthesized catalyst was repeatedly used for five times to ascertain the stability and reusability of catalyst.

A Fe₃O₄@COOH-activated carbon (Fe₃O₄@CFC-COOH) was prepared via carboxyl-functionalization of the activated carbon derived from feather waste, followed by co-precipitation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ under alkaline conditions. This hybrid organic–inorganic porous compound was applied for the in-situ synthesis of TMU-16 MOF and, subsequently, further engaged as support for immobilizing of Cu nanoparticles. The multi-application of the as-synthesized nanocomposite was investigated in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans derivatives and the removal of methylene blue from aqueous media. The adsorption process fitted well with the Freundlich model and has followed the pseudo-second-order model kinetic model. Also, the Fe₃O₄@CFC-COOH@TMU-16@Cu exhibited high catalytic activity in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives.

A Fe₃O₄@activated carbon-COOH (Fe₃O₄@CFC-COOH) was prepared via carboxyl-functionalization of the activated carbon derived from feather waste, followed by co-precipitation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ under alkaline conditions. This hybrid organic–inorganic porous compound was applied for in-situ synthesis of TMU-16 metal–organic framework and, subsequently, further engaged as support for immobilizing of Cu nanoparticles. The multi-application of the as-synthesized nanocomposite was investigated in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans derivatives and the removal of methylene blue from aqueous media. The maximum absorption percentage (Re) for the removal of methylene blue was 96%. The adsorption process fitted well with the Freundlich model and has followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Also, the Fe₃O₄@CFC-COOH@TMU-16@Cu exhibited high catalytic activity in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives with a wide range of aldehydes bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups.

Herein, an environmentally benign approach was developed for immobilizing and anchoring Pd-Cu alloy nanoparticles on Murexide (MX) functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT). Afterward, the catalytic activity of Pd₂-Cu₃@MX/CNT was studied in synthesizing 2,3-dihydro quinazoline-4(1H)-ones and carbon-carbon coupling reactions at sustainable reaction conditions under ultrasound irradiation. The results demonstrated that high-affinity MX ligand and porous CNT structures than the adsorption of Pd–Cu had a unique designation in the high-range constancy of the alloy nanoparticles and following catalytic activity.

Sketching a proper catalytic system with supplementary attributes, containing easy separation, wide surface area, supreme loading capacity, and fantastical electronic attributes, proposes an encouraging direction for efficiently using nanostructures for various applications. However, the capability to adjust the nano-measure bimetallic particles is an adjustment for attaining superb performance in the catalytic field. Herein, an environmentally benign approach was developed for immobilizing and anchoring Pd-Cu alloy nanoparticles on murexide (MX)-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Afterward, the catalytic activity of Pd₂-Cu₃@MX/CNT was studied in synthesizing 2,3-dihydro quinazoline-4(1H)-ones and carbon–carbon coupling reactions at sustainable reaction conditions under ultrasound irradiation. The results demonstrated that high-affinity MX ligand and porous CNT structures than the adsorption of Pd–Cu had a unique designation in the high-range constancy of the alloy nanoparticles and following catalytic activity. In addition, ultrasound irradiation got electrons of Pd–Cu alloy nanoparticles agitated, constructing a synergic efficacy between Cu and Pd metals for synthesis and coupling reactions. Our study represents that the designed catalyst is green, recyclable, and most suitable, providing new intuition into in high-range constancy of bimetallic nanoparticles for broad applications.

Graphitic-carbon nitride system (C₃N₅) was functionalized with Pd nanoparticles as a result of in situ reduction of Pd²⁺ through a prepared N-rich system. The obtained composite demonstrates excellent photocatalytic activity in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.

Utilizing sunlight as a driving force in chemical reactions is a great benefit for a sustainable future. Metal-based composites are basic components in various catalytic reactions. However, few researches reported carbon nitride-supported Pd nanoparticles in photocatalytic coupling reactions. This study reports the preparation of a graphitic-carbon nitride system (C₃N₅) followed by modification with various amounts of Pd nanoparticles. The C₃N₅ was synthesized by thermal deammoniation of melem hydrazine precursor and then modified by Pd cations to create a metallic composite. Regarding the N-rich surface of C₃N₅, Pd²⁺ cations are rapidly reduced to Pd nanoparticles in mild conditions, which is strongly supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses clearly depicted the formation of 20 nm Pd nanoparticles on the surface of C₃N₅. The obtained Pd/C₃N₅ composite exhibited prominent photocatalytic performance for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions (91% during 25 min at room temperature). This study also compares the effect of various amounts of Pd cation in the progress of Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions.