A newly synthesized azo dye ligand and its Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) complexes require a range of techniques, including elemental analyses and spectroscopic studies. Nitrogen of the azo group and one oxygen of the carbonyl group coordinate the azo ligand to the metal ions, acting as a neutral bidentate ligand, according to the inferred IR spectra. The molar conductance data indicated that all the complexes were electrolytes. Octahedral geometry was suggested for the complexes being studied. The proposed structural equations for the complexes were, in general, expressed as [M(L)Cl₂(H₂O)₂]·Cr(III), x = 1, n = 0; Cd(II), x = n = 0; Zn(II), x = 0, n = 1, and [M(L)(Cl)(H₂O)₃] Clx·nH₂O Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II), x = 1; Clx [M = Fe(III), x = 2].

A novel azo dye ligand was created by diazotizing 4-aminoantipyrine and then coupling it with 2-aminophenol as part of a methodical investigation of physiologically active compounds, 4-aminoantipyrine. The novel complexes containing Cr(III), Fe(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) were created from the target ligand (L). The structures of the ligand and metal complexes were verified by elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analysis–difference thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), conductivity measurements, infrared (IR), UV–Vis, ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mass spectrometry. Using the Gaussian 09 tool, the density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP method was utilized to compute the energy gaps and other important theoretical features. Also, the newly synthesized azo dye ligand, in comparison with metal complexes, was screened for its antimicrobial activity. The crystal structures of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis as gram-positive bacteria, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli as gram-negative bacteria, and fungal (Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans) species were compared with the produced azo dye and its metal complexes via molecular docking. Most of the complexes exhibited greater antimicrobial activities against these organisms than did the original azo dye ligand.

The gold(I)N-heterocyclic-carbene complexes containing 6-mercaptopurine derivatives revealed promising in vitro cytotoxicity against selected human cancer cells. The effects of the complexes on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the activation of NF-κB or PPARγ are negligible. Cellular effects of complexes were evaluated on A2780 cells, including cell cycle modification, induction of cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ROS. The proteomic analysis revealed the effects of the complexes on the proteome of A2780 cells.

A series of eight N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) gold(I) complexes, involving 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (iPr) ligand in combination with 6-mercaptopurine derivatives (HL_1–8), has been prepared and thoroughly characterized, including elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, infrared and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray analysis. The complexes, showing general composition of [Au (iPr)(L_n)] 1–8, were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines including A2780 (ovarian) and A2780R (ovarian Cisplatin resistant), PC3 (prostate) and MCF-7 (breast), and normal human MRC-5 cells (lung fibroblasts). The complexes revealed significant cytotoxicity, with the best IC₅₀ values ≈ 3.4–6.4 μM against A2780 and reasonable selectivity. Cellular effects of the selected complexes on the A2780 cells were evaluated using various flow cytometry assays. Complexes 1, 3, and 4 showed a strong pro-apoptotic effect and a strong effect on the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings indicate that their major mechanism of action is based on the collapse of the mitochondrial metabolism and activation of the intrinsic signaling pathway of apoptosis, consequently resulting in cell death. The complexes 1–8 revealed only negligible effect on the production of inflammatory-related cytokine (TNF-α), as well as the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Moreover, the shotgun proteomic analysis was performed, and the obtained results suggest that the mechanism of action of complexes 1, 3, and 4 differs somewhat from that of Auranofin.

The four novel complexes [{cis-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-4,4′-bipy)ZnCl(terpy-Cl)}](ClO₄)₂, [{trans-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-4,4′-bipyridyl)ZnCl(terpy)}](ClO₄)₂, [{cis-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy-Cl)}](ClO₄)₂ and [{trans-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy-Cl)}](ClO₄)₂ were synthesized and characterized. The chloride in 4′ position of 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine has great influence on the stability of the complexes and their antitumor activity.

The synthesis and characterization of novel hetrometallic complexes [{cis-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-4,4′-bipyridyl)ZnCl(terpy-Cl)}](ClO₄)₂ (C1a), [{trans-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-4,4′-bipyridyl)ZnCl(terpy)}](ClO₄)₂ (C2a), [{cis-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy-Cl)}](ClO₄)₂ (C3a) and [{trans-PtCl(NH₃)₂(μ-pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy-Cl)}](ClO₄)₂ (C4a) (where terpy-Cl = 4′-chloro-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine) was done. Acid–base titrations were performed by UV–Vis spectrophotometric method to evaluate the pK _a values of corresponding aqua complexes. Interactions between complexes and important biomolecules, guanosine-5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP) and glutathione (GSH) were examined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The chloride substituent at the 4′ position on the middle pyridine ring of terpyridine ligand significantly affects the coordination of biomolecules, as well as overall stability of complexes. The complexes were evaluated in vitro for the antioxidant prevention of DNA damages. All tested novel complexes demonstrated a significant reduction in DNA damage against oxidative modifications of DNA caused by the hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. Also, cytotoxicity evaluation showed that significant cytotoxicity occurs only after long-term effect of C1a, C2a and C3a, complexes in HCT-116 cells. Molecular docking studies predict results in agreement with experimental research.

Au NPs supported on graphene quantum dots–modified Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 showed excellent activity and synergetic effect in the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds and A³-coupling reaction of alkynes, amines, and aldehydes in water solvent.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) functionalized with graphene quantum dots was prepared and utilized for the reduction of Au (III) and stabilization of Au nanoparticles. This newly prepared ZIF-67/GQD@Au was characterized with different techniques and employed as a capable heterogeneous catalyst for reduction of aromatic nitro compounds and A¹-coupling reaction of alkynes, amines, and aldehydes in water solvent. Experiments indicate that this catalyst is able to reduce nitroarenes in short reaction times (10–20 min) in water at room temperature and corresponding amines were obtained in excellent yields (90–100%). Also, reactions of structurally different alkynes, amines, and aldehydes in the presence of this catalyst proceed effectively at 60°C and desired propargylic amine achieved in good to very good yields (76–88%) in water during 1 day. This catalyst displayed excellent stability and recyclability in both reactions and recycled for six runs with a small decrease in the activity.

The prepared unsymmetrical α-diimine nickel precatalysts demonstrated exceptional performance at higher temperatures (act. 2.4 × 10⁶ g mol⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 100°C, M _w = 10⁵ g mol⁻¹, Ð = ≈1.5, branches 97–142/1000C). Excellent tensile strength and strain recovery of polyethylene highlight characteristic properties of thermoplastic elastomers.

The properties and practical applications of polyethylene are closely associated with the polymer molecular weight, polydispersity, degree of branching, and the type of branches and its arrangement within microstructure. In this study, a set of structurally diverse unsymmetrical 1-(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-hydroxylphenylimino)-2-(2,6-(R)-4-(R¹)phenylimino)acenaphthene-nickel dibromide precatalysts (where Ni ^2Me [R = Me, R¹ = H], Ni ^2Et [R = Et, R¹ = H], Ni ^2iPr [R = iPr, R¹ = H], Ni ^3Me [R, R¹ = Me], Ni ^2Et,Me [R = Et, R¹ = Me]) has been prepared and studied for ethylene polymerization. Molecular structure analysis of Ni ^2Me and Ni ^2Et complexes revealed distorted tetrahedral geometries at nickel. The polymerization activities are extremely high for all precatalysts upon activation with either EASC or MMAO aluminum reagents, a trend notably pronounced in the case of the EASC-activated systems, entering activity in the range of 10 million g mol⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 30°C. The Ni ^2Me demonstrated exceptional performance at higher temperatures, achieving an activity of 2.4 × 10⁶ g mol⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 100°C and generated high molecular weight polyethylene (M _w = 10⁵ g mol⁻¹) with narrow polymer dispersity across all reaction temperatures (Ð ≈ 1.5). High temperature ¹³C NMR spectra identified 97–142/1000C branches in resulting polyethylene, a feature significantly dependent on the reaction temperature. In terms of mechanical properties, stress–strain analysis indicated that polyethylene synthesized at lower temperatures displayed superior tensile strength compared with that produced at higher reaction temperatures, while a reverse trend was observed in strain recovery analysis. The high strain recovery (up to 72%) of these polyethylene highlights the characteristic properties of thermoplastic elastomers.

The mesoporous KIT-6 was modified using 3,4-diaminobenzophenone, and further, a new complex of copper was immobilized on its surface (KIT-6@DABP@Cu) as an organometallic and nanocatalyst in the selective synthesis of 5-substituted tetrazoles. This catalyst was identified with FT-IR, WDX, AAS, XRD, SEM, TGA, EDX, and BET techniques. KIT-6@DABP@Cu nanocatalyst was demonstrated highly effective and good reusability in the synthesis of 5-substituted tetrazoles.

In this article, the mesoporous silica framework of KIT-6 was synthesized and, then its surface was modified using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS). The new KIT-6@DABP@Cu nanocatalyst was then prepared by anchoring the copper complex on modified mesoporous KIT-6. The nanocatalyst was identified using several techniques, including FT-IR, WDX, AAS, SEM, TGA, XRD, EDS, and BET. The physical properties, such as size, shape, and morphology of the nanocatalyst were studied by SEM analysis. The elemental composition of KIT-6@DABP@Cu nanocatalyst was described using wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDX) and EDS. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the functional groups in the structure of the nanoparticles. The stability of KIT-6@DABP@Cu nanocatalyst was studied by TGA at high temperatures. Also, the surface area, total volume, and average diameter of pores of the nanocatalyst were determined using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The KIT-6@DABP@Cu catalyst was found to be a new, highly effective, and green catalyst for the synthesizing of 5-substituted-tetrazoles using nitriles and sodium azide (NaN₃) catalyzed in polyethyleneglycol-400 (PEG-400) as a green solvent. This heterogeneous catalyst showed good recyclability for up to five consecutive cycles without notable loss of its catalytic efficiency.

Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ complexes of malonyl dihydrazone derivative are synthesized and characterized.

The antimicrobial (bacteria and fungi) and anticancer potential of M-complexes and their ligand are examined. Their binding to ctDNA is examined via UV–Visible spectroscopy and hydrodynamic measurements. Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ complexes have more biological reactivity over their free ligand based the role of metal ion of the Tweedy's chelation theory. Their catalytic reactivity was examined in the epoxidation of 1,2-cyclohexene with H₂O₂, in which they assigned high catalytic performance.

According to the interesting reactivity of arylhydrazones in coordination chemistry and biological assays, malonyl dihydrazone ligand of diisatin derivative (H₂Lm) was reacted with Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions forming two complexes of dinuclear homoleptic mode (CuLm and ZnLm, respectively). Demonstration of their chemical structures was confirmed through various spectroscopic ways alongside the elemental analyses (EA), conductivity measurements, and magnetic characteristics.

Their bio-performance was recorded based on their inhibited potential of the growing ability of some common bacteria, fungi, and human cancer/normal cell lines. The biological studies appointed the role and job of M²⁺ ion = Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺ in its chelated MLm complex to perform the bio-reactivity over the free ligand, H₂Lm. Moreover, their interacted modes with ctDNA (i.e., calf thymus DNA) were examined via the viscometry and spectrophotometric titration. Because the two chelates (CuLm and ZnLm) represented an attractive job for the inhibited action against the current microorganisms and the human cancer/normal strains' growth over the free H₂Lm ligand, CuLm and ZnLm complexes displayed a distinguished interaction with ctDNA more than that of their uncoordinated H₂Lm ligand. From the values of binding constant (K _b) and Gibb's free energy ( ∆Gb≠$$ \Delta {G}_b^{\ne } $$), CuLm assigned more bio-action within ctDNA more than ZnLm H₂Lm ligand, referring to the role of Cu²⁺ ion with more electronegativity to enhance the reactivity of CuLm over their free H₂Lm ligand and ZnLm.

The catalytic behavior of CuLm and ZnLm was given within the epoxidation of 1,2-cyclohexene (an example of unsaturated hydrocarbons) homogeneously using hydrogen peroxide (the oxidant). Their catalytic action was optimized through various temperatures, solvents, time, and type of M²⁺ ion in the catalyst.

This paper reports the use of variously substituted easily available α-diimine ligands in Ni-catalyzed reductive homocoupling of aryl halides and demonstrates broad scope of thus prepared biaryls, including practically important cyclization and polycondensation products.

Application of α-diimine ligands in Ni-catalyzed reductive homocoupling of haloarenes is reported. The Ni/α-diimine catalysts are shown to be highly active and allow for preparation of a broad scope of biaryls, including practically important cyclization and polycondensation products. The synthetic availability and versatility of α-diimines allows for easy tuning of their structure aimed at achieving higher yields of each specific homocoupling product.

MIM-CF₃SO₃@LP-HKUST-1-100%, a conductive material with excellent proton conductivity at both high and low temperature, is proposed for the first time.

As a new type of proton conductor, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention because of their superior properties over conventional materials, such as the modifiability of framework, reversibility of coordination bond, high specific surface area, and porosity. It is predicted that the proton conductivities of MOFs can be improved by hole expansion and ionic liquid introduction. In this work, HKUST-1 and LP-HKUST-1 were prepared, which were filled with different proportions of N-methylimidazole triflate (MIM-CF₃SO₃) to prepare composite materials MIM-CF₃SO₃@HKUST-1-100% and MIM-CF₃SO₃@LP-HKUST-1-x (x = 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). A total of seven kinds of materials were synthesized. The proton conductivities of all the materials at 75% RH were tested from 303 to 353 K. In this environment, MIM-CF₃SO₃@LP-HKUST-1-100% shows excellent proton conductivity (σ = 0.341 S·cm⁻¹ at 353 K, 75% relatively humidity [RH]), being 7060 times that of HKUST-1, and reaches the peak value of MOF family in recent years. Then, the conductivities of parts of the materials were tested in extreme environments, such as in high-humidity environment (303–353 K, 100% RH), high-temperature environment (373–423 K, N₂ atmosphere), and low-temperature environment (253–283 K, 75% RH). The results show that under all conditions above, the proton conductivity of MIM-CF₃SO₃@LP-HKUST-1-100% is the best, up to 0.341 S·cm⁻¹ at 353 K and 75% RH, 0.179 S·cm⁻¹ at 353 K and 100% RH, 1.31 × 10⁻³ S·cm⁻¹ at 283 K and 75% RH, and 2.31 × 10⁻⁴ S·cm⁻¹ at 423 K and N₂ atmosphere, indicating that proton conductivity of HKUST-1 is improved by hole expansion and ionic liquid introduction. Finally, the stability test showed that MIM-CF₃SO₃@LP-HKUST-1-100% was stable in all environments above. Moreover, the conductive mechanism of HKUST-1 before and after introduction of ionic liquids was also discussed, providing a theoretical basis for the enhancement of proton conductivities of MOFs using ionic liquid introduction and hole expansion.

A highly efficient, green, and multicomponent reaction for 32 spirooxindole derivatives via the formation of cascade C–N, C–O, and C–S bonds using starch-capped zinc oxide nanocomposite as an effective heterogeneous catalyst with the synergistic application of ultrasound and on-water synthesis has been developed.

A highly efficient, green, and multicomponent reaction method has been developed for the diversity-oriented synthesis of 32 spirooxindole derivatives via the formation of cascade C–N, C–O, and C–S bonds. The synthesis involved starch-capped zinc oxide nanocomposite as an effective heterogeneous catalyst with the synergistic application of ultrasound and on-water synthesis. By employing this approach, all desired products were successfully obtained with high yields and comparatively short reaction times. Furthermore, the catalyst employed in the process exhibited excellent recyclability, allowing for its recovery and reuse for up to eight consecutive runs without any loss of catalytic activity. The greenness of the protocol was evaluated by various green metrics such as E-factor and eco-score, and the result showed the acceptability of the present method in organic synthesis.