This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles from biological method like fungi, as it is an easy, nontoxic, cost-effective process. A design expert software was utilized for optimization through Box-Behnken design. BSA AgNPs were characterized for DLS studies, antioxidant studies like DPPH, Ferrous ion chelation, lipid peroxidation were carried out and it exhibited good antioxidant results for BSA AgNPs and AgNPs. Cytotoxicity test was performed on HT-29 cells and the results exhibited that AgNPs and BSA AgNPs showed the IC₅₀ value of 120 and 100 μg/ml. Hence, our formulations are favouring the  good antioxidant and cytotoxicity leads to better clinical outcomes.

Nanobiotechnology has evolved as a promising technology in developing therapeutically active materials. This study involved the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from extracellular filtrate from the fungal species Aspergillus fumigatus to assess their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity under in-vitro conditions. This method has become more reliable than physical and chemical approaches, attributed to its use of ecologically clean and non-toxic methods. These synthesized nanoparticles are then characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Design optimization was done to optimize the selected variables to choose the best-fit ratios for the experiment. UV spectroscopy showed the absorption peaks for AgNPs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) AgNPs at 300 and 315 nm. FTIR spectroscopy showed amide, carboxyl, and ester groups in BSA AgNPs, indicating their role in stabilizing nanoparticles. The particle size and zeta potential for AgNPs and BSA AgNPs were found to be 124.81 and 152.92 nm; zeta potentials for AgNPS and BSA AgNPs were found to be −13.3 and −15.6 mV. Various antioxidant studies like 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), ion chelating assay, lipid peroxide assay, and malondialdehyde were carried out, indicating good antioxidant activity for synthesized nanoparticles. SEM images advocated good spherical images and are well dispersed. The cytotoxic assay performed on HT-29 colon cancer cells exhibited good inhibition activity for AgNPs and BSA AgNPs, with an IC₅₀ value of 120 and 100 μg/ml. These study results revealed that the synthesized AgNPs, on optimization through Box-Behnken design, exhibited good antioxidant and cytotoxic activity.

A novel Z-scheme g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄/Pr₆O₁₁ heterojunction was fabricated by facile one-pot synthesis using melamine, urea, and praseodymium nitrate as co-precursors. The optimized 5wt%g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄/Pr₆O₁₁ heterojunction exhibited the highest degradation efficiency for sulfonamide under visible light irradiation. It was demonstrated by QSAR prediction and the growth test of wheat seeds that solutions degraded by photocatalysts showed good biocompatibility.

Photocatalytic technology, as an environmentally friendly technology, has a great application promise in the treatment of environmental pollutants caused by residual pharmaceuticals emissions. The Z-scheme heterojunction of g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄/Pr₆O₁₁ (Pr/CN) was successfully prepared by employing melamine, urea, and praseodymium nitrate as co-precursors. The structure composition and photoelectrochemical properties were characterized by XRD, XPS, EDS, SEM, FETEM, UV–Vis, EIS, photocurrent, and PL analyses. The optimized 5wt%Pr/CN heterojunction degrade 98% of SCP, 85% of SMM, and 87% of SDM, respectively. Taking SCP as an example, the degradation rate is 8 and 11.2 times higher than that of the g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ homojunction and g-C₃N₄, respectively. The remarkable photocatalytic efficiency of Pr/CN heterojunction could be ascribed to enhanced visible light absorption and enhanced migration and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Furthermore, the degradation products and degradation pathways of SCP and SMM were established by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. In addition, the toxicity of the intermediate was evaluated with quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) prediction and the biocompatibility of sulfonamide-degrading solution over the Pr/CN photocatalyst was verified by the growth of wheat seeds.

MnO _x with different KMnO₄ contents was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The appearance of mixed phases, multiple structural defects, and higher Mn³⁺/(Mn³⁺ + Mn⁴⁺) and O _latt /(O _ads  + O _latt ) concentrations promoted the emergence-annihilation cycle of oxygen vacancies, which facilitated the catalytic combustion reaction of toluene. The reaction pathway was investigated using the in situ DRIFT method, which the benzoic acid was main intermediate of toluene degradation.

MnO _x samples were prepared and applied to the catalytic combustion of toluene. The results indicated that the KMnO₄ content was important to the catalytic performance. Cat-0.2 (0.2 g KMnO₄) possessed the best catalytic performance, and more than 90% of toluene conversion was 255°C. Moderate amounts of KMnO₄ facilitated the generation of mixed crystalline phases and structural defects, which led to the generation of more oxygen vacancies. In addition, the Cat-0.2 possessed high contents of O _ads /(O _ads  + O _latt ) and Mn³⁺/(Mn³⁺ + Mn⁴⁺), which promoted the emergence-annihilation cycle of oxygen vacancies and facilitated the reaction process of toluene. The reaction pathway of toluene was investigated via in situ DRIFTS, in which the by-products included benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoate, maleic anhydride, and short-chain carbonate. Among them, benzoate was the main intermediate in the catalytic oxidation process of toluene.

Preparation, characterization, and application of thiophene Schiff base complexes.

Novel thiophene Schiff base ligand (L) was synthesized through the condensation of 2-thiophene-methylamine and 3-formyl-4-methoxyphenylboronic acid. Transition metal complexes with the formulae [M(L)(H₂O)₂Cl]Cl₂.xH₂O (M = Er(III), x = 4 and La(III), x = 5) and [M(L)(H₂O)Cl₂]Cl.xH₂O (M = Yb(III), x = 4 and Ru(III), x = 0) were synthesized. Different spectral and physicochemical methods were used to confirm and identify the stoichiometry, structure, and bonding style of transition metal chelates. The creation of 1:1 molar ratio (M:L) complexes was supported by elemental data. According to IR spectra, the thiophene Schiff base ligand (L) acted as a tridentate ligand that is neutrally coordinated by S-thiophene, N-azomethine, and o-methoxy groups. All chelates formed in octahedral structures according to the findings data. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG and DTG) was employed to examine the heat decomposition of these compounds. DFT/B3LYP method, a molecular modeling methodology, is used to support the expected shape of the produced ligand. Chemical hardness and softness, HOMO and LUMO energy levels, electrophilic index, bond lengths, angles, dipole moment, electronegativity, and other factors were calculated. Against HepG-2 cell line, the in vitro anticancer activity of all chelates and free ligands was evaluated. These synthesized compounds showed good effectiveness. Additionally, DPPH scavenging was used to assess antioxidant activity, with extremely positive results. Molecular docking with the hepatic protein receptor 3ELJ was used to confirm the anticancer results. Finally, the effectiveness of the current thiophene ligand's ability to block Al-Si alloys in 1 M HCl solution was examined utilizing electrochemical methods. The high inhibition efficiency was obtained revealing the effectiveness of using this thiophene Schiff base ligand on an industrial scale.

Cu(II) enhances the ability of baicalein and scutellarein to bind to CT-DNA helix. Mild intercalating agents with the ability to scavenge free radicals in the near vicinity of the DNA lowers the probability of radical's attacks on the DNA strand.

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds known to possess good radical scavenging activity. It was also shown that their anti/prooxidant properties are strongly structure-dependent and can be modified by metal ion binding. The structural parameters also appear to be key factors during their DNA-binding abilities. This work deals with spectroscopic and theoretical studies of two flavonoids, baicalein and scutellarein, alone, and in the presence of redox-active metal ion Cu(II). Cu(II) is the catalytic active ion in Fenton-like reactions and can enhance the production of reactive oxygen species or, when bound to the flavonoid, influence its antioxidant potential. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed that the electronic properties of the parent flavonoids are changed following the CuCl₂ addition. Job's plot method revealed the 1:1 binding mode of interaction in DMSO and DMSO/PBS solvent. The ABTS^•+ assay showed only a negligible effect of Cu(II) presence on the antioxidant properties of baicalein and scutellarein. The mix of the natural reductant, glutathione, with flavonoids showed a synergistic effect in ABTS^•+ inhibition; however, this effect was suppressed by the presence of Cu(II). Absorption titration and molecular docking studies showed an effective DNA binding of both flavonoids that is further enhanced by the presence of Cu(II). DFT calculations were carried out to identify the most energetically stable Cu(II)–flavonoid structures as well as to determine the ability of their hydroxyl groups to undergo homolytic or heterolytic cleavage.

The catalyst (Cs-CL/T9) prepared by exchanged with copper ion, followed by roasting, then followed by simultaneous exchange of cerium and lanthanum ion has excellent wide temperature NH₃-SCR activity. It is because that Cu²⁺ in the framework of TNU-9 can migrate under the high temperature to result in the stable structure, thereby reducing steric hindrance ions and exchanging more cerium and lanthanum ions. Furthermore, there are more isolated Cu²⁺ active site in Cs-CL/T9, leading to the excellent NH₃-SCR performance.

A series of Ce, Cu, and La modified TNU-9 zeolite catalysts were synthesized by altering ion exchange sequence and calcinations sequence, and the relationship between the chemical coordination environment of the active ingredients and the catalytic activity in the selective catalytic reduction of NO _x using NH₃ as reductant (NH₃-SCR) was revealed. The results showed that within the temperature window (150–450°C), the catalyst (Cs-CL/T9) prepared by exchange copper ion, followed by roasting, then followed by simultaneous exchange of cerium and lanthanum ion had excellent wide-temperature NH₃-SCR activity. Because after roasting, Cu²⁺ in the framework of TNU-9 could migrate under the high temperature to result in the stable structure, thereby reducing steric hindrance ions and exchanging more cerium and lanthanum ions. The increase of cerium ion content can produce more oxygen vacancies, so that NO is oxidized to NO₂. Furthermore, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results exhibits that there are Cu²⁺ active site in Cs-CL/T9, leading to the excellent NH₃-SCR performance. In addition, altering ion exchange sequence and calcinations sequence increase the number of acidic sites and the redox ability etc.

The Douglas-fir beetle's pheromones 1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone, and 3-methylcyclohexanone were synthesized from 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol by simple one-pot reactions, in mild conditions, using solvents such as water. The reaction mechanisms were also investigated.

The catalytic conversion of the substituted cyclic allylic alcohol 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol was studied in the presence of the metal complexes [RuClCp (PTA)₂] (1) and [RuCp (OH₂)(PTA)₂]CF₃SO₃ (2) (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) in different media such as water, methanol, and biphasic water/cyclohexane. Slight changes of the reaction conditions led to the isomerization to 3-methylcyclohexanone, oxidation to 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone, or 1,3-transposition to 1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol. The 1,3-transposition and oxidation reactions took place in water, and the selective formation of the isomerization product was achieved in freshly dried methanol, or biphasic water/cyclohexane mixture, achieving the highest TON values known to date. Furthermore, the reactivity of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol in water was also investigated in the absence of a catalyst, revealing the formation of the 1,3-transpostion product 1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol and the etherification product 1-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)oxycyclohexene. Finally, key mechanistic aspects of the different reaction pathways were enlightened by NMR spectroscopy.

The authors of this study have developed a new environmentally-friendly magnetic nanocatalyst by treating CoFe₂O₄ magnetic nanoparticles with chlorosulfonic acid, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), 1,2-dichloroethane, and phloroglucinol (PHG). They confirmed the synthesis of the catalyst using various techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, MAP, EDS, XRD, TGA, DTA, and VSM. The researchers then evaluated the catalytic efficiency of the nanocatalyst in two reactions: the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyranochromenes and the synthesis of chromeno[3,4-b]quinoline-6-ones.

In this study, we have developed a new environmentally-friendly magnetic nanocatalyst by treating CoFe₂O₄ magnetic nanoparticles with chlorosulfonic acid, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), 1,2-dichloroethane, and phloroglucinol (PHG). They confirmed the synthesis of the catalyst using various techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, MAP, EDS, XRD, TGA, DTA, and VSM. The researchers then evaluated the catalytic efficiency of the nanocatalyst in two reactions: the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyranochromenes from the reaction among aromatic aldehydes, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and malononitrile, and the synthesis of chromeno[3,4-b]quinoline-6-ones from the reaction among aniline, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and aromatic aldehydes.

In comparison with HE extract and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) trihydrate (HAuCl₄.3H₂O) solution, the AuNPs have shown outstanding inhibitory activity against free radicals, -amylase, and AChE.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are the essential building block of nanotechnology; they have a wide range of biomedical applications. In comparison with chemical methods, green synthesis is significant because of their non-toxicity, eco-friendliness, and simplicity; thus, the plant extracts are useful in the biogenic synthesis of NPs. In this study, Heliotropium eichwaldi-induced gold NPs (HE-AuNPs) were produced. These HE-AuNPs were afterward examined using UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX analysis. The XRD analysis authorized the crystalline structure of AuNPs with an average size of 11.11 nm for four peaks (38.31°, 44.39°, 64.76°, and 77.65°), the SEM analysis displayed the elongated sphere-shaped morphologies of HE-AuNPs with 20 nm size, and the EDX analysis revealed that Au (44.33%) was the main element of AuNP. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of various coating and reducing organic molecules. In comparison with HE extract and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) trihydrate (HAuCl4.3H₂O) solution, the AuNPs showed outstanding inhibitory activity against free radicals, -amylase, and AChE. Our work suggests the successful generation of HE-AuNPs, subsequently significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-Alzheimer agents. However, further study is suggested to minimize potential risks.

By using the sol–gel process, yttrium titanate nano-photocatalysts modified with europium (x mol. Eu³+:Y₂Ti₂O₇) have been created and used to produce photocatalytic biogas and hydrogen using acetic acid. The maximum photocatalytic activity for the generation of biogas and hydrogen is found in 0.03 mol. Eu³+:Y₂Ti₂O⁷. The maximum photocatalytic activity is correlated with higher lattice defects (OV, Ti³+) and reduced charge carrier recombination. According to the findings, Eu³+:Y₂Ti₂O₇ nano-photocatalyst is a promising nanomaterial for the generation of energy.

The main focus of this research is on energy production by clean photocatalytic technology. By using the sol–gel process, yttrium titanate nano-photocatalysts modified with europium (x mol. Eu³⁺:Y₂Ti₂O₇) have been created and used to produce photocatalytic biogas and hydrogen using acetic acid. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirms the formation of cubic Y₂Ti₂O₇ phase. Microscopic study has indicated that Eu doping improved the shape, size, and dispersity of Y₂Ti₂O₇ photocatalyst. Different crystal defects, including oxygen vacancies (OVs) and Ti³⁺ species, are demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. Compared with pure Y₂Ti₂O₇, 0.03 mol. Eu³⁺:Y₂Ti₂O₇ has the highest proportion of lattice defects. The band gap energies have increased as a result of doping on Y₂Ti₂O₇ size. Urbach energy calculations confirm that Eu³⁺:Y₂Ti₂O₇ nano-photocatalyst has the highest degree of distortion. The photoluminescence (PL) measurements have shown that 0.03 mol. Eu³⁺ dopant can effectively separate the active charge carriers. Electron spin resonance proved the progressive increase of defect states (OV and Ti³⁺) by doping, which promoted the photocatalytic activity of the nano-photocatalyst. These photocatalysts have generated biogas and hydrogen gas via photocatalytic oxidation of acetic acid under inert conditions. The maximum photocatalytic activity for the generation of biogas and hydrogen is found in 0.03 mol. Eu³⁺:Y₂Ti₂O₇. The maximum photocatalytic activity of 0.03 mol. Eu³⁺:Y₂Ti₂O₇ is correlated with higher lattice defects (OV, Ti³⁺) and reduced charge carrier recombination. The proposed photocatalytic mechanism has been discussed. According to the findings, Eu³⁺:Y₂Ti₂O₇ nano-photocatalyst is a promising nanomaterial for the generation of energy.