This article reveals long-range interaction regions, where the long-range correction (LC) affects, in total and orbital densities by comparing to those of the coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) method. As a result, the long-range interaction regions of total density are found to appear in neither core orbitals nor in-between bonds in contrast to the CCSD effect. For orbital density, the long-range interaction regions are surprisingly found to be similar to those of the CCSD effect for unoccupied orbitals, though these are different for occupied orbitals.

Abstract

Total and orbital electron densities of molecules are explored for the effect of the long-range correction (LC) for density functional theory (DFT) exchange functionals by comparing to the effect of the ab initio coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) method. Calculating the LC effect on the total electron densities shows that the LC stabilizes the electrons around the long-range interaction regions of kinetic energy density, which are assumed to be electrons other than free electrons and self-interacting electrons, while the CCSD method stabilizes the electrons in the long-range interaction regions in the vertical molecular planes. As a more precise test, the LC effect on orbital densities are compared to the CCSD effect on Dyson orbital densities. Surprisingly, these effects are similar for the unoccupied orbitals, indicating that the LC covers the effects required to reproduce the CCSD Dyson unoccupied orbitals. For exploring the discrepancies between these effects on the occupied orbitals, the photoionization cross sections are calculated as a direct test for the shapes of the HOMOs to investigate the differences between these effects on the occupied orbitals. Consequently, the LC clearly produces the canonical HOMOs close to the CCSD Dyson and experimental ones, except for the HOMO of benzene molecule that mixes with the HOMO−1 for the CCSD Dyson orbitals. This indicates that the orbital analyses using the photoionization cross sections are available as a direct test for the quality of DFT functionals.

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study structural and dynamic properties of polar butanamine/water/butanamine, pentanoic acid/water/pentanoic acid, butanethiol/water/butanethiol, and nonpolar pentane/water/pentane systems. The mass density profiles along the interface normal to the organic liquid/water system, the difference in the local structure of H2O molecules in bulk and in the vicinity of interface, as well as the diffusion behavior of water molecules at the interface with above-mentioned organic liquids have been investigated. Our MD simulation has shown that the diffusion of water molecules across the water/organic liquid interface is influenced by the hydrogen bonds nHB between water molecules and the terminal groups of organic liquids. It was found that the loss of the hydrogen bonds nHB in the nonpolar organic liquid leads to a decrease in the value of the normal component of the diffusion coefficient Dz, while the tangential diffusion coefficients, both Dx and Dy, increase.

This work reports on a spin-pure configuration-based implementation of the heatbath configuration interaction algorithm for selective CI calculations in the context of the CASSCF approach. Particular emphasis is put on the details of the implementation that are key to the performance and applicability of the program.

Abstract

This work reports on a spin-pure configuration-based implementation of the heatbath configuration interaction (HCI) algorithm for selective configuration interaction. Besides the obvious advantage of being spin-pure, the presented method combines the compactness of the configurational ansatz with the known efficiency of the HCI algorithm and a variety of algorithmic and conceptual ideas to achieve a high level of performance. In particular, through pruning of the selected configurational space after HCI selection by means of a more strict criterion, a more compact wavefunction representation is obtained. Moreover, the underlying logic of the method allows us to minimize the number of redundant matrix-matrix multiplications while making use of just-in-time compilation to achieve fast diagonalization of the Hamiltonian. The critical search for 2-electron connections within the configurational space is facilitated by a tree-based representation thereof as suggested previously by Gopal et al. Usage of a prefix-based parallelization and batching during the calculation of the PT2-correction leads to a good load balancing and significantly reduced memory requirements for these critical steps of the calculation. In this way, the need for a semistochastic approach to the PT2 correction is avoided even for large configurational spaces. Finally, several test-cases are discussed to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the presented method.

Electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectra of methyl viologen radical cation, an important electron transport mediator, are predicted using time-dependent density functional theory. The findings further the understanding of the electronic properties of viologens and related organic redox mediators important in renewable energy applications.

Abstract

Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) was applied to gain insights into the electronic and vibrational spectroscopic properties of an important electron transport mediator, methyl viologen (MV²⁺). An organic dication, MV²⁺ has numerous applications in electrochemistry that include energy conversion and storage, environmental remediation, and chemical sensing and electrosynthesis. MV²⁺ is easily reduced by a single electron transfer to form a radical cation species (MV^•+), which has an intense UV–visible absorption near 600 nm. The redox properties of the MV²⁺/MV^•+ couple and light-sensitivity of MV^•+ have made the system appealing for photo-electrochemical energy conversion (e.g., solar hydrogen generation from water) and the study of photo-induced charge transfer processes through electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopic measurements. The reported work applies leading TDDFT approaches to investigate the electronic and vibrational spectroscopic properties of MV²⁺ and MV^•+. Using a conventional hybrid exchange functional (B3-LYP) and a long-range corrected hybrid exchange functional (ωB97X-D3), including with a conductor-like polarizable continuum model to account for solvation, the electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectra predicted are in good agreement with experiment. Also analyzed are the charge transfer character and natural transition orbitals derived from the TDDFT vertical excitations calculated. The findings and models developed further the understanding of the electronic properties of viologens and related organic redox mediators important in renewable energy applications and serve as a reference for guiding the interpretation of electronic absorption and Raman spectra of the ions.

Recently, synthesized Donor-pyrene (bridge)-Acceptor (DPA) systems were investigated with the ADC(2) method. Five additional donor-acceptor pairs were also studied. The ¹S₁ state is a local excitation in pyrene, while the ¹S₂ state is charge transfer. DFT HOMO and LUMO energies were used to assess the efficiency of the DPA compounds for organic photovoltaics.

Abstract

The alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene has photophysical properties that can be tuned with different donor and acceptor substituents. Recently, a D (donor)-Pyrene (bridge)-A (acceptor) system, DPA, with the electron donor N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), and the electron acceptor trifluoromethylphenyl (TFM), was investigated by means of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements (J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 2226–2231). DPA shows great promise for potential applications in organic electronic devices. In this work, we used the ab initio second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction method ADC(2) to investigate the excited-state properties of a series of analogous DPA systems, including the originally synthesized DPAs. The additionally investigated substituents were amino, fluorine, and methoxy as donors and nitrile and nitro groups as acceptors. The focus of this work was on characterizing the lowest excited singlet states regarding charge transfer (CT) and local excitation (LE) characters. For the DMA-pyrene-TFM system, the ADC(2) calculations show two initial electronic states relevant for interpreting the photodynamics. The bright S₁ state is locally excited within the pyrene moiety, and an S₂ state is localized ~0.5 eV above S₁ and characterized as a donor to pyrene CT state. HOMO and LUMO energies were employed to assess the efficiency of the DPA compounds for organic photovoltaics (OPVs). HOMO-LUMO and optical gaps were used to estimate power conversion and light-harvesting efficiencies for practical applications in organic solar cells. Considering the systems using smaller D/A substituents, compounds with the strong acceptor NO₂ substituent group show enhanced CT and promising properties for use in OPVs. Some of the other compounds with small substituents are also found to be competitive in this regard.