Chemistry of Materials
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01653
Salivary microbiome in kidney diseases: A narrative review
Abstract
Many research has been conducted since the microbiota's discovery that have focused on the role it plays in health and disease. Microbiota can be divided into categories like intestinal, oral, respiratory, and skin microbiota based on the specific localized areas. To maintain homeostasis and control immunological response, the microbial populations live in symbiosis with the host. On the other hand, dysbiosis of the microbiota can cause diseases including kidney diseases and the deregulation of body functioning. We discuss the current understanding of how various kidney diseases are caused by the salivary microbiome (SM) in this overview. First, we review the studies on the salivary microbiota in diverse clinical situations. The importance of the SM in diabetic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy is next highlighted. We conclude that the characteristics of the SM of patients with various kidney diseases have revealed the potential of salivary microbial markers as noninvasive tool for the detection of various kidney diseases.
[ASAP] Structure-Free Mendeleev Encodings of Material Compounds for Machine Learning
Chemistry of Materials
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02134
Synergistic effect of doxycycline and aqueous extract of irradiated khella on structure of nanobacteria isolated from kidney stones: In vitro and in vivo studies
Abstract
Kidney stones have been associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney diseases, end-stage renal failure. This study is devoted to isolate nanobacteria from patients with active urolithiasis and investigate the in vitro and in vivo antinanobacterial activity of some antibiotics alone or in combination with extracts of irradiated herbs from certain medicinal plants. Nanobacteria were detected using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and DNA profile. The antimicrobial susceptibility of some biofilm-producing nanobacterial isolates was evaluated. The effect of medicinal plant extracts on growth was tested. A combination treatment between the most potent extracts and antibiotics was tested on biofilm production, protein profile, release of 260 nm absorbing material, protein content, and ultrastructure of the strongest biofilm producers. In vivo study of nanobacteria and its treatment by the most potent agents was evaluated on male rats. Renal function was measured in serum; histological examination and oxidative stress parameters were determined in kidney tissues. Results showed that streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and water extracts of irradiated khella at 6 kGy had antinanobacterial activity. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of the aqueous extract of irradiated Khella and doxycycline showed higher inhibition activity on microbial growth and biofilm production. They affected dramatically the strength of its cell membrane and subsequently its ultrastructure. Moreover, these results are confirmed by ameliorations in renal function and histological alterations. It could be concluded that the combination of DO and an aqueous extract of irradiated khella has an antinephrotoxic effect against nanobacteria-induced renal toxicity.
Low Valent N‐coordinated Cations and Dications of Heavier Group 14 Elements: Lewis Acids or Bases?
Low-valent N-coordinated cations and dications of heavier group 14 elements are of great interest in recent years. Their unique electronic structure gives them an ambiphilic character, as they contain both a lone electron pair and an empty p-orbital on the central metal atom. Thanks to their nucleophilic character, these compounds can act as ligands in transition metal chemistry, and conversely, their electrophilic character allows them to interact with a wide range of organic substrates and thus replace catalysts based on transition metal complexes in many chemical transformations. The aim of this article is to summarize the synthesis of N-coordinated ionic compounds of heavier group 14 elements with their subsequent reactivity towards various nucleophiles and electrophiles.
Antiedematogenic and analgesic activities of abietic acid in mice
The present study aimed to evaluate abietic acid's antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity in mice. Swiss mice (Mus musculus) weighing 20-30 g were treated with AA at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. The central nervous system (CNS) effects were evaluated using open-field and rotarod assays. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory screening was assessed by the acetic acid and formalin tests. The antiedematogenic activity was investigated by measuring paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine, arachidonic acid, and prostaglandin, in addition to using a granuloma model. The oral administration of abietic acid (200 mg/Kg) showed no evidence of CNS effects. The compound also exhibited significant antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activities in the carrageenan and dextran models, mostly related to the inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MOP) activity and histamine action and, to a lesser extent, the inhibition of eicosanoid-dependent pathways. In the granuloma model, abietic acid's effect was less expressive than in the acute models investigated in this study. In conclusion, abietic acid has analgesic and antiedematogenic activities related to anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Electrochemical Coupling Reactions Using Non‐Transition Metal Mediators: Recent Advances
Indirect electrolysis method using appropriate mediators enables numerous chemical reactions. This review describes the general principles of mediators, with a particular focus on non-transition metal mediators, and introduces recent representative examples of bond formation reactions by indirect electrolysis.
Insights into the mechanism of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between N‐benzyl fluoro nitrone and maleimides, its selectivity and solvent effects
![Insights into the mechanism of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between N-benzyl fluoro nitrone and maleimides, its selectivity and solvent effects](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/25cb82e4-b1ec-4462-8ee8-9b8165dba160/jcc27235-toc-0001-m.png)
First principle investigations of the mechanism of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between N-benzyl fluoro nitrone and maleimide derivatives, where solvent, temperature effects, and selectivity are screened and allowed explain experimental findings.
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of N-benzyl fluoro nitrone with a series of maleimides producing isoxazolidines. We use the Molecular Electron Density Theory at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d) level. We focus on the reaction mechanism, selectivity, solvent, and temperature effects. In addition, we perform topological analyses at the minimal and transition states to identify the intermolecular interactions. Electron Localization Function approach classifies the N-benzyl fluoro nitrone as zwitterionic (zw-) three-atom components (TACs), associated with a high energy barrier. The low polar character of the reaction is evaluated using the Conceptual Density Functional Theory analysis of the reactants, confirmed by the low global electron density transfer computed at the transition states. Computations show that these 32CA reactions follow a one-step mechanism under kinetic control, with highly asynchronous bond formation and no new covalent bond is formed at the TS. Besides, the potential energy surfaces along the reaction pathways in gas phase and in solvent are mapped. The corresponding Gibbs free energy profiles reveal that the exo-cycloadducts are kinetically and thermodynamically more favored than endo-cycloadducts, in agreement with the exo-selectivity observed experimentally. In particular, we found that solvent and temperature did not affect this selectivity and mainly influence the activation energies and the exothermic character of these 32CA reactions.
The Development of Aldehyde Catalytic System
Aldehyde catalysts have emerged as highly effective organic catalysts and reagents, enabling the facilitation and acceleration of various challenging transformations that are typically difficult to achieve. This includes their application as the organocatalyst, aldehyde/transition metals catalytic system, and potent photochemical initiators.
Abstract
Aldehyde catalysts have proven to be highly effective in facilitating and accelerating a wide range of challenging transformations in organic chemistry. This article is structured into three main sections, focusing on the utilization of aldehydes as organocatalysts, the aldehydes/transition metals catalytic systems, and photochemical initiators. Finally, we provide a concise summary of the advancements in this fascinating research field, offering our perspectives and insights.
Synthetic Applications of Sulfonium Salts as Aryl Radical Precursors
This review summarizes the recent advancements in synthetic applications involving aryl radicals, utilizing aryl sulfonium salts as precursors. This topic, while challenging, holds paramount significance for drug design and the agrochemical industry. The mechanisms underlying these transformations are also discussed.
Abstract
The utilization of aryl radicals as open-shelled intermediates has become an essential tool for both conventional and state-of-the-art synthetic chemistry. However, the current methods for generating aryl radicals are still inefficient, greatly impeding their practical applications. Encouragingly, sulfonium salts have emerged as appealing sources of aryl radicals for a wide range of transformations aimed at creating novel chemical bonds driven by their distinctive structural attributes and chemical tendencies. This review primarily focuses on the specific reaction mechanisms underlying the cleavage of C−S bonds in sulfonium salts, leading to the generation of corresponding aryl radicals within diverse reaction conditions.