This review summarizes the application of β-cyclodextrin-based catalyst systems in click reactions. Surprisingly, there was no review on using the β-cyclodextrin system as a green catalyst for synthesizing 1,2,3-triazoles, and we debated it for the first time. Different types of catalysts based on cyclodextrins such as native β-cyclodextrin, Cu (II)–β-cyclodextrin complex, Cu (II)–β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles, and β-CD-heterogeneous have been studied that showed β-CD an ideal candidate for using it in click reactions synthesis of 1,2,3‑triazoles.

A significant challenge for scientists today is to design green and eco-friendly catalysts based on green chemistry with high catalytic performance and recycling properties. Many studies have aimed to address environmental issues by developing green chemical processes and catalysts that reduce the production of harmful substances. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD), a class of cyclic oligomers, has garnered considerable attention in recent decades. It has been utilized as a green alternative catalyst in various organic conversions, demonstrating satisfactory catalytic activity and improved efficiency of organic reactions. The availability, non-toxicity, low cost, renewability, and high performance in organic transformations are several benefits of cyclodextrins that have attracted interest from research groups worldwide. The click reaction is well-known in green chemistry for its high selectivity and efficiency in producing 1,2,3-triazoles with significant medicinal activities. This reaction involves aryl/alkyl halides, alkynes, and NaN₃ under ambient conditions to generate necessary scaffolds called 1,2,3-triazoles. Therefore, finding green approaches for synthesizing 1,2,3-triazoles is of great interest. In recent decades, significant advancements have been made in developing metal-catalyzed click reactions to synthesize 1,2,3-triazole derivatives. Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, and Barry Sharpless were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2022 for their contributions to the foundations of click and bio-orthogonal chemistry. In transition, metal-catalyzed click reactions, using modified β-CD derivatives as catalysts is particularly advantageous because of their valuable catalytic properties and their ability to form inclusion complexes with different metals. This review focuses on the catalyzed click reaction using β-CD-based catalysts to prepare triazoles. Using biodegradable β-CD has made the method safe, sustainable, and eco-friendly. The click reaction has provided access to various 1,2,3-triazoles essential in pharmaceutical products and exhibits diverse biological activities. The specific purpose of this review is to summarize the application of β-CD-based catalyst systems in click reactions.

Two novel phosphoramide containing thiazole derivatives with the name of bis(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) phenylphosphonotrithioate (C1) and O, O-diethyl (5-((diethoxyphosphorothioyl) thio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2yl) phosphoramidothioate (C2) as corrosion inhibition were synthesized and identified by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ³¹P NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopies. The electrochemical behavior of mild steel (MS) in hydrochloric acid 1-M (HCl) solution was perused in the absence and presence of C1 and C2. To determine corrosion inhibition of phosphoramide compounds, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used. The EIS results show that the charge transfer resistance increases with the addition of inhibitors to the hydrochloric acid solution. The most inhibitor efficiency was 89%, which demonstrated the appropriate anti-corrosion property of C1. EIS results show better charge transfer resistance on the surface of MS at increased inhibitor concentrations. The PDP analysis showed that C1 and C2 are mixed-type inhibitors. The PDP examination appeared that C1 and C2 are mixed-type inhibitors. To way better get the comes about of corrosion inhibition and structure of target compounds, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and least unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies, hardness, dipole moment, and electrophilicity index of synthesized compounds were explored computationally using the density functional theory (DFT) strategy. The hypothetical comes about in great understanding with the exploratory information.

New chiral phosphine-amine-ether (PNO) ligands and their ruthenium complexes of the type [RuCl₂(PPh₃)(PNO)] have been synthesized and applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of fused ring ketones, where excellent ee's (up to 97%) have been obtained. The role of backbone chirality has been investigated in coordination chemistry and catalysis.

New chiral phosphine-amine-ether (PNO) ligands of the general formula Ph₂PCH(R¹)(CH₂)_nCH(R¹)N(R²)CH(R³)CH₂OMe, where R¹, R², and R³ = H or Me, n = 0 or 1, and their ruthenium complexes of the type [RuCl₂(PPh₃)(PNO)] have been synthesized. The coordination compounds were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, modeled by DFT calculations, and in one case analyzed by X-ray crystallography. The combined spectroscopic and theoretical investigations revealed that the relative configuration of the stereogenic elements in the P–N and N–O backbone represents a crucial factor in determining the conformation of the pincer-type chelates and may also affect the configuration of the coordinated stereogenic nitrogen in the NH subunit, an essential element of stereochemical communication in outer sphere bifunctional catalysis. The new complexes were applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of fused ring bicyclic ketones (i.e., 1-tetralone and 4-chromanone derivatives), a challenging substrate class, where enantioselectivities up to 97% could be obtained. Based on the spectroscopic and theoretical studies and catalytic experiments, structural features affecting the stereochemistry of the coordination could be identified and a qualitative enantioinduction model has been proposed.

The importance of MgCl₂·nEtOH adducts in tpolyethylenes is discussed here by chemical dealcoholation. Moreover, due to the industrial and academic importance of this issue, different aluminum-based compounds including triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, and ethylaluminumdichloride were used to provide the target catalysts.

MgCl₂·nEtOH adducts play a major role in the industrial production of polyethylenes. Their chemical dealcoholation, usually accomplished during the catalyst synthesis step, has had a pronounced impact on the microstructure of the final Ziegler–Natta pre-catalysts and the properties of the resulting polymers. Due to the industrial and academic importance of this issue, different aluminum-based compounds including triethylaluminum (TEAL), triisobutylaluminum (TIBA), and ethylaluminumdichloride (EADC) were used in this research in the chemical dealcoholation of a MgCl₂·1.5EtOH adduct, to provide the target catalysts. According to the analytical results, the catalysts synthesized using aluminum compounds (especially TEAL and EADC) generally had a more fractured structure, a smaller particle size and a vast surface area. Aluminum precursors bind to the catalyst structure together with TiCl₄, which is manifested from their higher adsorption energies obtained by DFT calculations, and the presence of Al atom in the elemental analysis. Varying the chemical structure and physical properties of the catalysts, established using Al compounds, caused significant variation in the ethylene polymerization kinetic curves, their related rate constants, and the flow characteristic of the final polymers. The overall results outstandingly affirm that by appropriate choice of the Lewis acid compound, during the chemical dealcoholation of the adduct, various Ziegler–Natta catalysts can be achieved for different polyethylene grades.

Two new Schiff base compounds of N-{2-[(E)-сyclohexyliminomethyl]phenyl}-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, N-{2-[(E)-(4-сyclohexylphenyl)iminomethyl]phenyl}-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide and their Zn(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and UV–Vis spectra, and single crystal X-ray determination. In both complexes, Zn²⁺ ions have a tetrahedral environment with two nitrogen atoms of the tosylamide groups and two nitrogen atoms of the imine fragment. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations have been performed on two zinc(II) complexes in order to assign their experimental UV–visible absorption bands. Zinc(II) complexes showed thermal stability up to 335–340°C under a nitrogen atmosphere by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The photoluminescent spectra show that both Zn(II) complexes in the solid state at room temperature emit blue luminescence with high emission quantum yields of 20% and 29%. The doped devices with configurations of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/N,N′-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPD)/4,4′-N,N′ -dicarbazolebiphenyl (CBP):Zinc(II) complex (5%)/1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazole-2-yl) benzene (TPBI)/LiF/Al have been fabricated and investigated. The doped device based on the complex with the сyclohexylphenyl substituent of the ligand showed the best electroluminescent characteristics with maximum brightness L_max of 3415 cd/m², maximum current efficiency of 2.8 cd/A, and power efficiency of 1.9 lm/W, while the doped device with emitter on the base of the complex with the сyclohexyl substituent showed slightly worse electroluminescence (EL) performance with L_max of 2105 cd/m², maximum current efficiency of 2.1 cd/A, and power efficiency of 1.6 lm/W.

We report the asymmetric epoxidation of R-(+)-limonene using a dimeric racemic Salen Mn (III) complex (5 mol%) in a mixture of KHSO₅ and substrate in the ratio 1:4, respectively, in acetone at ambient temperature to give cis-1,2-(+)-limonene oxide with d.e and d.y.e of 77% and 72%, respectively. Remarkably, the catalyst was easily separated and reused up to four cycles without appreciable loss of catalytic activity in the absence of co-catalysts and nitrogenous bases.

Diastereoselective epoxidation of R-(+)-limonene using achiral and racemic dimeric Salen-Mn (III) complexes as catalysts ((1a) and (1b)) and in situ generated dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) as an oxidizing agent was explored. The best reaction parameters were: (i) KHSO₅/R-(+)-limonene molar ratio = 0.25; (ii) R-(+)-limonene, catalyst molar ratio = 20, (iii) absence of nitrogenous bases (axial ligands), (iv) ambient temperature (20°C), (v) racemic dimeric catalyst, and (vi) low amount of acetone (4 mL). Under these reaction conditions isolated yield to 1,2-(+)-limonene oxide and diastereomeric excess (d.e), and diastereomeric yield excess (d.y.e) to major diastereomer (cis-epoxide) was 96%, 77%, and 72%, respectively. Moreover, the catalyst was segregated into a solid phase, while products remained in the liquid phase, allowing the easy separation of the catalyst and reaction products. Consequently, the catalyst could be recycled up to three times without appreciable loss of its initial catalytic activity.

In this work, surface-modified nickel ferrites were prepared using 4,4′-biphenyldisulfonic acid (BPDSA) as the linker. Thus, obtained material has been characterized using multiple characterization techniques. This well-characterized, stable, robust, recyclable material offers a good conversion in the microalgae lipid extraction oil, various fatty acids for the production of biodiesel through transesterification.

Development of a new and sustainable catalyst is necessary to the society for providing economical technology. Surface modification of nanometal oxides is one of the rapidly growing methods for developing a sustainable catalyst with attractive properties than their parent oxide. In this work, surface-modified nickel ferrites have been carried out using 4,4′-biphenyldisulfonic acid (BPDSA) as the linker. Thus, obtained modified material has been characterized using different techniques such as DLS, FT-IR, TGA, XRD, VSM, and XPS. This well-characterized, stable, robust, recyclable material offers a good conversion in the fatty acid, that is, oleic acid esterification in the presence of methanol in a short period of time (3.0 h). Based on the kinetic study in the oleic acid esterification, it fits in the pseudo first-order kinetics, and activation energy was found to be 60.0 kJ/mol. Further, the potentiality of our catalyst was also tested in the transesterification of various raw materials like mustard oil, olive oil, almond oil, and neem oil. In addition, it provides an excellent conversion with microalgae lipid extraction for the production of biodiesel. The kinematic viscosity of the methyl oleate (biodiesel) has been found to be 5.0426 mm²/s at 25°C whereas the dynamic viscosity is 6.0511 mPa, which is nearly the same as biodiesel obtained from Dunaliella salina, microalgae lipid.

In this paper, TiO₂-partially reduced graphene oxide (TiO₂-PRGO) nanocomposites were successfully fabricated by a modified one-step solvothermal method and the photocatalytic effect was investigated in experiments. Its photocatalytic efficiency for methylene blue (MB) degradation was maximum seven times than that of pure TiO₂ nanoparticles.

The effect of graphene oxide with different reduction degrees on the photocatalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide-graphene (TiO₂-G) composites has not been systematically studied. In this paper, titanium dioxide-partially reduced graphene oxide (TiO₂-PRGO) nanocomposites were prepared by a modified one-step solvent-thermal method and further reduced with ascorbic acid to obtain TiO₂-PRGO(xh) with a higher degree of reduction (ascorbic acid 80° reduced TiO₂-PRGO x h, x = 1, 2, 3, 4). The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance results show that TiO₂-PRGO has the most outstanding photoelectrochemical properties. Compared with pure TiO₂ and other samples, the TiO₂-PRGO nanocomposites exhibited excellent photocatalytic properties, and their photocatalytic efficiencies for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) were up to seven times higher than those of the pure TiO₂ nanomaterials, and twice that of TiO₂-PRGO(4h). The photodegradation of methylene blue by the composites decreased as the degree of PRGO reduction increased. The efficient photocatalytic performance of TiO₂-PRGO can be attributed to the high TiO₂ loading and good electrical conductivity. Notably, TiO₂-PRGO photocatalysis for 90 min resulted in 100% degradation of MB. Meanwhile, TiO₂-PRGO has good reusability, and the degradation rate of TiO₂-PRGO remained at 95% after four times of degradation in MB solution.

Novel Ru(II) arene complexes were prepared. The cytotoxic activities of these complexes were investigated on MCF-7 cell line. The structure–activity relationships for the complexes containing Namine/Namine, Namine/Namide, Namide/Oamide, and Namide/Sthiolate/Sthiolate-chelating ligands were investigated. The promising results were obtained.

This study focuses on the cytotoxic activity of ruthenium(II) complexes, denoted as Ru1–8, which exhibit coordination with nitrogen (amine and amide), oxygen, and sulfur donor atoms, coupled with aryl and aliphatic wingtips. Specifically, the complexes were evaluated for their impact on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. A systematic exploration of various parameters, including solubility, donor atom type, metal number, carbon chain length, aromatic ring presence, and molecular weight, was conducted to discern their influence on cytotoxic activity. The investigation involved assessing the cell viability across five concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10, and 5 μM) for five distinct monometallic and three bimetallic ruthenium complexes. Notably, Ru3, characterized by an extended carbon chain length (dodecyl) and favorable oil solubility facilitating cellular membrane penetration, demonstrated particularly promising results with the IC₅₀ value of 1.03 μM. This research underscores the critical role of ligand design in shaping the cytotoxic potential of ruthenium(II) complexes and emphasizes the suitability of the Ru(II) p-cymene complexes, as demonstrated by their robust activity against breast cancer in this specific investigation.

This study synthesized green sol–gel NiFe₂O₄@ZnMn₂O₄ MNCs. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer, Brunauer Emmett Teller, and elemental mapping were employed to characterize the synthesized nanocomposites. NiFe₂O₄@ZnMn₂O₄ MNCs demonstrated outstanding catalytic activity in the microwave-assisted production of tetrahydropyrimidine and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. These magnetic nanocomposites can be easily removed from reactions using an external magnet, and their efficacy remains unchanged even after undergoing four cycles.

In this study, for the first time, NiFe₂O₄@ZnMn₂O₄ magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) were synthesized using a simple green sol–gel method. The synthesized nanocomposites comprehensive characterized using various analytical techniques including X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer, Brunauer Emmett Teller, and elemental mapping. XRD confirmed the spinel crystal structure of NiFe₂O₄@ZnMn₂O₄ MNCs. ZnMn₂O₄ has tetragonal spinel structure while NiFe₂O₄ cubic. In microwave-assisted tetrahydropyrimidine and polyhydroquinoline derivative production, NiFe₂O₄@ZnMn₂O₄ MNCs showed good catalytic activity. An external magnet can remove catalyst from reactions, and their efficacy stays stable after four cycles.