Beyond the Colonial Lens: An Investigation into the Chequered History of Assam Tea

Indian Historical Review, Volume 50, Issue 2, Page 322-343, December 2023.
This article presents a fresh perspective on tea cultivation in Assam, negating the widely held belief that the British Empire’s introduction to Assam tea symbolised societal advancement and economic growth. This article argues that the primary intention of the British was pure economic that catapulted the destruction of the thick forested areas, marginalised the native population and abolished their kingdoms. Despite this, colonial Assamese elites and mainstream industrialists have glorified the British tea venture. In this attempt of reviewing the history of Assam tea from an alternative point of view, efforts have also been made to analyse how the East India Company’s desire to maintain its monopoly in the Chinese tea trade, the Calcutta Botanical Garden’s desire to uphold the supremacy of the Chinese tea plant, and the military personnel’s quest for new sources of tea played their roles in it.

Settlement Patterns: Discernible Trends in the Sub-Regions of Early Medieval Bengal

Indian Historical Review, Volume 50, Issue 2, Page 280-303, December 2023.
The present study seeks to look for discernible trends in the way settlement patterns took shape in the various sub-regions of Bengal (c. fourth to thirteenth century), broadly corresponding to the modern Indian state of West Bengal as well as Bangladesh. The sources primarily include the epigraphs issued by various ruling dynasties and the thirteenth-century text by Sandhyākaranandi, the Rāmacaritam. The essay has also made a comparison with the scenario prevailing in Assam. Certain pertinent findings on the occupation of people living in largely the marshy and riverine terrain of Bengal and Assam have also been commented upon. Occupations and settlement patterns both being traditional responses to ecological settings and historical factors, many people living in the marshy lands in Bengal and Assam took to fishing and boatmanship in the period under study. Conspicuous presence of the groups of Kaivarttas (traditionally associated with fishing and boatmanship) in both regions, and individuals having names suffixed with ‘-naukins’ in Assam substantiate this fact. Tentative map(s) prepared on the basis of inscriptions show that rural settlements were both nucleated and single farm kinds, regularly interacted at various levels, and for Assam, the possibility of nucleated form is more than what has been acknowledged by scholars so far.

Beyond the Colonial Lens: An Investigation into the Chequered History of Assam Tea

Indian Historical Review, Volume 50, Issue 2, Page 322-343, December 2023.
This article presents a fresh perspective on tea cultivation in Assam, negating the widely held belief that the British Empire’s introduction to Assam tea symbolised societal advancement and economic growth. This article argues that the primary intention of the British was pure economic that catapulted the destruction of the thick forested areas, marginalised the native population and abolished their kingdoms. Despite this, colonial Assamese elites and mainstream industrialists have glorified the British tea venture. In this attempt of reviewing the history of Assam tea from an alternative point of view, efforts have also been made to analyse how the East India Company’s desire to maintain its monopoly in the Chinese tea trade, the Calcutta Botanical Garden’s desire to uphold the supremacy of the Chinese tea plant, and the military personnel’s quest for new sources of tea played their roles in it.

What’s in a Name? Reflections on the Tibetan Yatse Dynasty and Nepal’s Role in Its Transition to the Indic (‘Khas’) Malla Dynasty

The Medieval History Journal, Ahead of Print.
This paper examines three allegedly Sanskrit names that appear on a fourteenth-century kīrtistambha inscription at Dullu in the Jumlā region of west Nepal. The inscription records the matrilineage and patrilineage of the king Pṛthivīmalla. These three names, all with the dynastic name calla attached, are Krāśicalla, Krādhicalla and Krācalla. A fourth calla name that also appears in the regnal list, Aśokacalla, is plainly Sanskritic. These figures feature in several Tibetan annals, but they are given Tibetan names, rather than phonetic renderings or Tibetan translation of these ‘Sanskrit’ names, with the exception of Aśokacalla (Tib. a sog lde). I consider the possibility that the three linguistically obscure names appearing on the Dullu inscription are actually Indic renderings of Tibetan names and that the calla dynasty members themselves were Tibetan stranger kings, with Aśokacalla representing a shift towards a more Indic representation of their dynasty. Furthermore, I argue that this dynasty adopted the dynastic names of the contemporaneous kings of Nepal, Malla, in an effort to further situate themselves in the Indosphere. This effort was most vigorously pursued by Ripumalla, whom I argue made a pilgrimage in Nepal during the same legitimacy campaign that involved similar pilgrimages to Kapilavastu and Lumbinī.

Political Thought in Iberian Educational Centres: An Excursus Through the Circulation of Books and Ideas (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)

The Medieval History Journal, Ahead of Print.
This paper aims to analyse the circulation of political ideas within the context of Iberian educational centres with a special focus on their contribution to the settlement of new dynasties—like the Avis in Portugal, Trastámaras in Castile, Aragon and Navarre—or the annexation of other kingdoms—like Mallorca—and the relationship with Muslim territories—Granada and the Merinid Empire. To achieve this goal, we undertake a twofold study: (i) the writings and ideas on political theory that have been read and copied in Iberian educational centres; (ii) the books of some relevant thinkers in each kingdom, looking at who, where and when their works have been used.